Chapter 7 - Respiratory Flashcards
Functions of the Respiratory System
- Inhale fresh air into lungs
- Exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide
- Exhale stale air
Organs of the Respiratory System
Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial Tubes Lungs
aer/o
air
alveol/o
alveolus; air sac
anthrac/o
coal
atel/o
incomplete
bronch/o; bronchi/o
bronchus
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
coni/o
dust
diaphragmat/o
diaphragm
epiglott/o
epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx
lob/o
lobe
nas/o; rhin/o
nose
muc/o
mucus
orth/o
straight; upright
ox/o; ox/I
oxygen
pharyng/o
pharynx
pleur/o
pleura
pneum/o; pneumon/o
lung; air
pulmon/o
lung
sept/o
wall
sinus/o
sinus; cavity
spir/o
breathing
trache/o
trachea; windpipe
tuss/o
cough
–capnia
carbon dioxide
–osmia
smell
–phonia
voice
–plegia
paralysis
–pnea
breathing
–ptysis
spitting
–spasm
involuntary muscle contraction
–thorax
chest
Cells of body require constant gas exchange for?
- Delivery of oxygen
2. Removal of carbon dioxide
Respiratory system subdivisions:
- Ventilation
- Inhalation
- Exhalation
Ventilation is?
Flow of air between outside environment and lungs
Inhalation is?
Flow of air into lungs that brings fresh oxygen into air sacs
Exhalation is?
Flow of air out of lungs that removes carbon dioxide from body
External Respiration
- Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in lungs
- Gases diffuse in opposite directions
- Oxygen leaves air sacs and enters blood stream
- Carbon dioxide leaves blood stream and enters air sacs
Internal Respiration
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange at cellular level
- Oxygen leaves bloodstream and is delivered to tissue (used immediately for metabolism)
- Carbon dioxide (waste product of metabolism) leaves tissue and enters bloodstream
Cilia
- Small hairs line opening to nasal cavity
* Filter out large dirt particles before they can enter lungs
Walls of nasal cavity and nasal septum
- Made of flexible cartilage
* Covered with mucous membrane
Mucus
- Thick & sticky secretion of membrane
- Cleanses air by trapping dust and bacteria
- Membrane covers most of respiratory tract
Capillaries in mucous membrane function?
- Warm air
* Humidify air
Paranasal sinuses
- Located within facial bones
- Echo chamber for sound production
- Gives resonance to voice
Vocal Cords
- Glottis folds of membranous tissue
- Not actually cord-like in structure
- Vibrate to produce sound as air passes through opening between folds
Glottis
Folds of membranous tissue. Vocal cords. Vibrate to produce sound.
Trachea
- Tube composed of smooth muscle & cartilage rings
- Lined with mucous
- Membrane and cilia that assists in cleansing; warming; and moisturizing air as it travels to lungs
The bronchial tree
Each main bronchus enters a lung; then branches into smaller and smaller primary bronchi; secondary bronchi; and bronchioles ending at alveoli
Alveoli
- Bronchiole terminations
* Approx 150 million in each lung
Bronchioles
- Narrow branches from bronchi
* Terminate at alveoli
Respiratory Membrane
- Where external respiration takes place
* Formed from alveoli wall & capillary wall
Pulmonary capillaries
Encase each alveolus
Pleura
Parietal & visceral layers in chest cavity with serous fluid between
Parietal pleura
Outer membrane that lines wall of chest cavity
Visceral pleura
Inner membrane that adheres to surface of lungs
Pleural cavity
Folded pleura to form a sac around each lung
Serous fluid
Between two pleural layers reduces friction when two layers rub together during ventilation
Pulmonary Function Tests
- Measure actual volume of air flowing in and out of lungs
* Determine lung capacity
Respiratory therapist
*Measures lung volumes through pulmonary function tests
Diaphragm
- Muscle that separates abdomen from thoracic cavity
- Contracts and moves down into abdominal cavity
- Causes decrease of pressure; negative pressure; within chest cavity
- Air then enters lungs (inhalation) to equalize pressure
Intercostal muscles
- Located between ribs
- Raise rib cage to further enlarge thoracic cavity *Increases negative pressure
- Assists with forceful inhalation
Unforced exhale results when?
- Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
- Thoracic cavity becomes smaller
- Creates positive thoracic pressure
- Air flows out of lungs to equalize pressure
For forceful exhale:
- Use additional chest and neck muscles to further decrease size of thoracic cavity
- Create greater positive pressure
Respiratory Rate
- One of the vital signs (VS)
* Dependent on level of CO2 in blood
When CO2 level is high we?
We breathe more rapidly to expel excess CO2 when?
If CO2 levels drop?
Respiratory rate will also drop until CO2 builds up in bloodstream
Vital signs (VS)
Respiratory rate; heart rate; temperature & blood pressure
Hypoxia
Condition of insufficient oxygen
Pyothorax
Pus in the chest (cavity)
Pansinusitis
Inflammation of all sinuses
Tachypnea
Breathing too fast
Apnea
Without breathing
Pneumoconiosis
Abnormal condition of dust in the lungs
Atelectasis
Incomplete dilation (collapsed)
Pneumonia
Lung condition
Laryngoscope
Instrument to visually examine larynx
Laryngoscopy
Process of visually examining the larynx
Oximeter
Instrument to measure oxygen
Oximetry
Process of measuring oxygen
Thoracentesis
The needle is inserted between the ribs to withdraw fluid from the pleural sac at the base of the left lung.
Endotracheal
Pertaining to within the trachea
Lobectomy
Surgical removal of a lobe (of the lung)
Thoracocentesis
Puncture to withdraw fluid from the chest
Cardiopulmonary
Pertaining to the heart and lungs
