Chapter 7: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Psychotherapies Flashcards
Psychoanalysis
One-on-one treatment involving frank discussion of a client’s thoughts and feelings; reflect Freud’s ideas
Emphases of Psychoanalysis
Searching for relationships between a person’s developmental history and current problems
Blockages or dissociations in self-awareness as causes of psychological problems
Talking as an approach to treatment
Therapeutic Relationship as the talking cure
Topographical Model of the Mind
Continuum from unconscious, to preconscious, to conscious, fundamental to understanding Freud’s views of personality
Unconscious Forces
Id, Ego, Superego
Id
Primitive source of instinctual drives, especially sexual/sensual, and aggressive drives; seeks to discharge tension by engaging in sexual or aggressive impulses
Superego
Mental agency that incorporates norms from one’s parents, family, and culture, contains the ego ideal or how one would like to be; in conflict with the id
Ego
Referees the id and the superego; simulataneously recognizing and responding to external realities
Defense Mechanisms
Essentially unconsicous mental strategies or routines that the ego employs to ward off the anxiety produced by intrapsychic conflict
Denial
Avoiding awareness of aspects of external reality that are difficult to face
Projection
Perceiving and reacting to unacceptable inner impulses as though they were outside the self, typically in another person
Splitting
Compartmentalizing experiences of the self and others so that contradictions in behavior, thought, or affect are not recognized
Dissociation
Disrupting one’s sense of continuity in the areas of identity, memory, consciousness, or perception
Regression
Returning to an earlier phase of development or functioning
Identification
Internalizing the qualities of another person by becoming like him or her
Displacement
Shifting feeling associated with one idea, object, or person to another
Intellectualization
Using excessive and abstract ideation to avoid difficult feelings
Reaction Formation
Transforming an unacceptable impulse into its opposite
Suppression
Consciously deciding not to attend to a particular feeling, state or impulse
Humor
Finding the cominc and/or idonic elements in difficult situations
Sublimation
Transforming socially or internally unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable expression
Mature Defenses
Suppression, Humor & Sublimation
Transference
When the client unconsciously brings a maladaptive pattern of relating into therapy
Countertransference
When therapists’ reactions toward clients are based on the therapist’s personal history and conflicts; can impair progress of therapy if the therapist begins to distort the therapeutic interaction on the basis of his or her own conflicts and defenses
Psychic Determinism
Idea that memories, impressions, or experiences that occur together in a client’s mind are necesarily related not random; presuming that slips of the tongue and other unexpected verbal associations are psychologically meaningful
Resistance
Happens when the therapist and client get closer to a client’s core unconscious conflicts and emotions
Working Through
Working through transference reactions and resistance; fills in the details
Interpretation
Involves the analyst suggesting connections between patients’ current experiences and their historically based conflicts; a way of pointing out how the past intrudes on the present; can be based on material or reactions in a client
Optimal Interpretation
Takes the form of what you are doing (thinking, feeling, & fantasizing) with me now is what you are also doing with your current significant other, and what you did with your father
Insight
Happens when the client makes sense in a cognitive and emotional way; seeing the problem in a new way; basic requirement for and the beginning of positive change; provides the outline of a patient’s story
Self-Understanding
Occurs through intellectual recognition of one’s innermost wishes and conflicts, emotional involvement in discoveries about oneself, and the systematic tracing of ow unconscious factors have determined past and present behaviors affected relations with other people
Main Goals of Psychoanalytic Treatment
Intellectual and emotional insight into the underlying causes of the client’s problems
Working through or fully exploring the implications of those insights
Strengthening the ego’s control over the id and the superego
Psychoanalytic Assessment
Historical data such as family and developmental history (to identify information related to early conflicts or trauma)
Mental Status, level of distress, ego strengths and definicits, and psychological mindedness (to assess the client’s intellectual and emotional ability to engage in psychoanalytic treatment)
Defense mechanisms, themes, or patterns of attachment difficulties in interpersonal relationships (to identify transference patterns)
Free Association
Saying what comes to mind without editing or censorship; helps clients recover memories and reveal intrapsychic associations
Dream Analysis
Manifest Content - often contain features associated with the dreamer’s recent activities (day residue)
Latent Content - unconscious ideas and impulses that appear in disguised form
Dream Work
Process of transforming unacceptable material into acceptable manifest content
Transference Neurosis
Whent he patient-therapist relationship creates a miniature version of the causes of the client’s problems
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Less emphasis on sexual and aggressive id impulses
Greater attention ot adaptive functioning of the ego
Greater attention to the role of close relationships
Flexibility in the degree to which psychotherapists analyze and interpret versus offer empathy and emotional support
Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler; striving to overcome feelings of inferiority; importance of social motives and social behavior
Analytical Psychology
Carl Jung; reconciliation of opposites in personality, personality orientations of introversion and extroversion, personal and collective unconscious
Will Therapy
Otto Rank; client choice; therapist humanity rather than technical skill
Ego Psychology
Anna Freud, Heinz Hartman, & David Rapaport; focus on adaptive ego functioning and establishment of firm identity and intimacy
Object Relations Theory
Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, David Wnnicott, WRD Fairbairn; modifying mental representations of interpersonal relationships that come from early attachments
Self-Psychology
Heinz Kohut; Closely relation to object relations theory but stresses development of autonomous self
Interpersonal Relations School
Harry Stack Sullivan; Clara Thompson; Interpersonal contexts of disorders and treatment
Relational and Postmodern Approaches
Steven Mitchell, Robert Solorow, & George Atwood; strong emphasis on relationships with caretakers and exploration of the intersubjective space created jointly by clients and therapists
Short-Term Psychodynaic Approaches
Wilhelm Stekel & Hans Strupp; Coping strategies stressed over historical interpretations
Common Features of Psychoanalysis
Belief in the psychological importance of: Intrapsychic conflict Unconscious processes Early relationships Ego functioning Client-Therapist Relationship
Free Association
Saying what comes to mind without editing or censorship; helps clients recover memories and reveal intrapsychic associations
Dream Analysis
Manifest Content - often contain features associated with the dreamer’s recent activities (day residue)
Latent Content - unconscious ideas and impulses that appear in disguised form
Dream Work
Process of transforming unacceptable material into acceptable manifest content
Transference Neurosis
Whent he patient-therapist relationship creates a miniature version of the causes of the client’s problems
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Less emphasis on sexual and aggressive id impulses
Greater attention ot adaptive functioning of the ego
Greater attention to the role of close relationships
Flexibility in the degree to which psychotherapists analyze and interpret versus offer empathy and emotional support
Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler; striving to overcome feelings of inferiority; importance of social motives and social behavior
Analytical Psychology
Carl Jung; reconciliation of opposites in personality, personality orientations of introversion and extroversion, personal and collective unconscious
Will Therapy
Otto Rank; client choice; therapist humanity rather than technical skill
Ego Psychology
Anna Freud, Heinz Hartman, & David Rapaport; focus on adaptive ego functioning and establishment of firm identity and intimacy
Object Relations Theory
Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, David Wnnicott, WRD Fairbairn; modifying mental representations of interpersonal relationships that come from early attachments
Self-Psychology
Heinz Kohut; Closely relation to object relations theory but stresses development of autonomous self
Interpersonal Relations School
Harry Stack Sullivan; Clara Thompson; Interpersonal contexts of disorders and treatment
Relational and Postmodern Approaches
Steven Mitchell, Robert Solorow, & George Atwood; strong emphasis on relationships with caretakers and exploration of the intersubjective space created jointly by clients and therapists
Short-Term Psychodynaic Approaches
Wilhelm Stekel & Hans Strupp; Coping strategies stressed over historical interpretations
Common Features of Psychoanalysis
Belief in the psychological importance of: Intrapsychic conflict Unconscious processes Early relationships Ego functioning Client-Therapist Relationship
Ego Analytic Techniques
Focus less on working through early childhood experiences and more on working through current problems; work is on ego strength which includes reality testing, impulse control, judgment, and the use of more mature defense mechanisms
Object Relations
Focus on the nature of interpersonal relationships, especially relationships that are build from early infant-caregiver interactions
Kohut’s self psychology
Focuses more on the self or self-concept but views the analyst’s task as providing the type of empathic responding and nurturing that the client is assumed to have missed as an infant
