Chapter 6: Basic Features of Clinical Interventions

Question 1

Psychotherapy

Answer 1

Treatment offered by a trained mental health professional and administered within the confines of a professional relationship to help clients overcome psychological problems

Question 2

Psychotherapy Approaches

Answer 2

Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Existentialist
Integrative
Behavioral
Cognitive Behavioral

Question 3

Participants in Psychotherapy

Answer 3

The Client

The Therapist

Question 4

Some reasons why clients seek therapy

Answer 4

Unhappy marriage
Lack of Self Confidence
Nagging Fear
An Identity crisis
Depression
Sexual Problems
Coping with Injury or Trauma
Insomnia

Question 5

Client Variables & Treatment Outcomes

Answer 5

Client's Sex
Client's Age
Client's Ethnicity
Socioeconomic Status
Intelligence
Religious Attitudes, etc.

Question 6

Client variables that show up as important in psychotherapy outcome research

Answer 6

Cooperation Vs. Resistance
Openness Vs. Defensiveness
Internal Representations of Therapists
Client Motivation
Level of Distress
Expectations for treatment success
Coping style

Question 7

The Effective Therapist

Answer 7

Can recognize differences andintensities in clients’ emotional experiences and who have a verbal repertoire capable of putting these shadings into words
Has relationship-building skills
Skills in Self-Awareness or Self-Management
Self-monitoring skills

Question 8

Macroskills

Answer 8

Broad skills such as communicaiton, relationship building, and self-monitoring

Question 9

Difficulties that therapists face in their work

Answer 9

Competency Related Difficulties
Personality Based Difficulties
Situational Difficulties

Question 10

Competency-Related Difficulties

Answer 10

Transient difficulties resulting from situations in which therapists questioned whether they had the knowledge or skills to be effective in a given situation

Question 11

Personality-Based Difficulties

Answer 11

Involved therapists questioning the degree to which their own enduring personal characteristics compromised their effectiveness

Question 12

Situational Difficulties

Answer 12

REsulted from characteristics of the therapists’ client base or work situation

Question 13

Important Dimensions of the Therapeutic Relationship and is called Therapeutic Alliance

Answer 13

Emotional bonds that develop between the therapist and the client
Shared understanding of what is to be done and what is to be achieved

Question 14

Settings for Psychotherapy

Answer 14

Outpatient Settings

Inpatient Settings

Question 15

Outpatient Settings

Answer 15

Therapists’ Offices

Larger spaces in office buildings, hospitals, community centers, senior centers, church basements

Question 16

Inpatient Settings

Answer 16

Public, private, and VA Hospitals
Residential Rehabilitation and Treatment centers
Prisons, jails, and many other settings

Question 17

Goals of Clinical Interventions

Answer 17

Reducing Emotional Discomfort
Fostering Insight
Encouraging Catharsis or self-expression
Providing new information (education)
Assigning Extratherapy tasks (homework)
Developing faith,hope, and expectations for change

Question 18

Catharsis

Answer 18

Expressing emotions freely in the protective presence of the therapist;

Question 19

Emotion Focused Intervention

Answer 19

Synthesize or getting in touch with emotions so that they can be understood and expressed in acceptable, constructive ways
Intensifying certain emotions, often through nonverbal, expressive methods, so they can instigate useful behavior
Restructuring emotions by giving new information that allows emotions to be modified in dersired directions
Evoking emotions so that thoughts and behaviors strongly and specifically bound up with these emotions can be reexamined
Directly modifying those emotions that have become so maladaptive that the client’s functioning is impaired

Question 20

Bibliotherapy

Answer 20

The process of suggesting reading material about a topic

Question 21

Extratherapy Tasks

Answer 21

Homework; tasks which the therapists often ask clients to perform outside of therapy for the purpose of encouraging the transfer of positive changes to the real world; completion of homework assignments appear to fare beter in therapy than those who do not

Question 22

Crucial Contributors to Therapeutic Improvement

Answer 22

Developing Faith, Hope, and Expectations for Change

Question 23

General Principle of PAP Ethics Code

Answer 23

Respect for the Dignity of Peoples and Persons
Competent Caring for The Well Being of Persons & Peoples
Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society

Question 24

Confidentiality

Answer 24

The therapist protects the client’s privacy, and, except in specific circumstances, does not reveal information that the client shares in therapy

Question 25

Competency

Answer 25

Clinicians will be professionally responsibile and practice only within their areas of expertise, to maintain high standards of scientific and only within their areas of expertise

Question 26

Informed Consent

Answer 26

Obligates therapists to tell clients about the limits of confidentiality, about potential outcomes oftreatment, and about anything else that might affect the clients' willingness to enter treatment

Question 27

Conflict of Interest

Answer 27

Refers to the therapist's obligation to maintain therapeutic boundaries or a therapeutic framework; occurs when the therapist's personal interests compete with the best interests of the client

Question 28

Treatment Duration

Answer 28

From one session to several years, depending on the type and severity of the disorder, the motivation and other characteristics of the client, the skill and orientation of the therapist, and the availability of funding for treatment

Question 29

Psychotherapy Sessions

Answer 29

Weekly basis for sessions that average 45-55 minutes, group sessions typically last 90 to 120 minutes

Question 30

Treatment Fees

Answer 30

Depend on location, clinicians' level of training, and funding sources

Question 31

Record Keeping

Answer 31

Guidelines outline basic contents of records, control and retention of records, and disclosure of records; designed to benefit clients, the clinicians, and their institutions; also valuable if clinicians are involved in legal proceedings, and reviewing records, especially records of effectiveness, can motivate clinicians to find ways to improve their services

Question 32

What Psychologists Should Keep Records of

Answer 32

``` Their clients' identifying information Dates and types of service Fees Assessment Results Treatment Plans Consultations with others about clients ```

Question 33

Treatment Planning

Answer 33

Depends on case formulation, which in turn depends on assessment

Question 34

Approaches to Treatment Planning

Answer 34

Therapist-based treatment Diagnosis-based treatment Outcome-based treatment

Question 35

Therapist-Based Treatment

Answer 35

Orientation-based/Theory based treatment; therapist learns a basic theoretical orientation to psychotherapy and uses it for every client

Question 36

Diagnosis-Based Treatment

Answer 36

The client's diagnosis, not the therapist's orientation, determines the mode of treatment

Question 37

Outcome-Based Treatment

Answer 37

Attempt to base treatment planning on all the factors that can affect treatment outcome; factors related to client (diagnosis, personality traits, therapist (orientation, techniques, personality traits) and situational or emergent qualities (treatment setting, therapeutic alliance)

Question 38

Therapist Self-Disclosure

Answer 38

The sharing of personal information such as their emotional reactions, incidents from their own lives, etc.

Question 39

Termination of Psychotherapy

Answer 39

Attrition or Premature Termination

Question 40

Termination

Answer 40

Likely to bring mixed feelings to both client and clinicians; can reflect their shared efforts and accomplishment; clients typically experience this as evidence of their independence and growth; after successful treatment, it is a positive experience for both