Chapter 2: Clinical Psychology's Past and Present Flashcards
Social and Historical Factors That Shape Clinical Psychology
Use of Scientific Research Methods - the Empirical Tradition
Measurement of Individual Differences - the Psychometric Tradition
Classification and Treatment of Behavior Disorders - the Clinical Tradition
Wilhelm Wundt
Established the first laboratory devoted to studying mental processes in Leipzig, Germany; considered founder of psychology because the advent of his laboratory proclaimed psychology as a science and because he trained many students who went on to establish psychology programs in European and US universities
Johanne Muller & Herman Helmholtz
Identified neural pathways for vision and hearing, discoveries that addressed the question of how physical energy became mental experiences
Ernst Weber & Gustav Fechner
Showed that people’s perceptual experiences changed in mathematically predictable ways as stimuli changed, suggesting that mind and body were fundamentally connected
Lightner Witmer
Studied under Wundt and was appointed director of the University of Pennsylvania psychology laboratory; became the first clinical psychologist after working with Charles Gilman, a chronic bad speller with a reading disorder
Psychological Clinic
First clinical journal founded and edited by Lightner Witmer;
Why Witmer’s Ideas were not accepted by APA Members
Most psychologists considered themselves scientists and probably did not regard the role described by Witmer as appropriate for them; first clinicians were trained as scientists in laboratories, so they tended to think about clinical problems in scientific terms and to use laboratory research methods in dealing with them
Few psychologists were prepared by training or experience to perform the functions he proposed
They were not about to jeopardize their identification as scientists by plunging their profession into what they felt were premature applications
Witmer had an unfortunate talent for antagonizing his colleagues
Aspects of Witmer’s clinic which came to characterize subsequent clinical work
Most of his clients were children (offered child psychology, first journal in pediatrics, attracted attention of teachers concerned with students)
REcommendations were preceded by diagnostic assessment
Did not work alone but in a team approach that saw members of various professions consulting and collaborating on cases
Emphasized prevention of future problems through early diagnosis and remediation
Emphasized that clinical psychhology should be built on principles being discovered in scientific psychology as a whole
Psychometric Tradition
The practice of measuring people’s physical and mental abilities
Recognition of Measuring Individual Differences
Plato suggested that propective soldiers be tested for military ability before their acceptance in the army
Pythagoras selected members of his brotherhood on the basis of facial characteristics, intelligence, and emotionality
Prospective government employees in China were given individual ability tests before being hired
F.W. Bessel
Astronomer at the University of Konigsberg (Germany) observatory who developed personal equation
Personal Equation
How the characteristics of various observers are reflected in differences in discrepancies in findings; sparked interest in individual differences
Franz Gall & Johann Spurzheim
Developed Phrenology as an alleged science based on assumptions that: each area of the brain is associated with a different faculty or function; the better developed eaced of these areas is, the more strongly that faculty or function is manifested in behavior; the pattern of over- or underdevelopment of each faculty is reflected in corresponding bumps or depressions in the skull
Johann Spurzheim
Developed a map of the brain’s 37 powers or organs and phrenological measurements were made on more respective segments of society; people paid to have their head examined and they received a profile allegedly describing their mental makeup
Cesare Lombroso
Italian psychiatrist whose theory of physiognomy correlated facial features with personality
Charles Darwin
Source of interest in individual differences; proposed that variation of individual characteristics occurs within and between species and natural selection takes place in part on the basis of those characteristics
Sir Francis Galton
Applied Darwin’s notions to the inheritance of individual differences - especially mental abilities; set up a laboratory in London which became the first mental testing center
Alfred Binet
French lawyer, scientist and former student of Wundt; found the first French psychology laboratory; interested in mental measurement and began to develop measures of complex mental ability in normal and defective children
Binet-Simon Scale
Introduced in the United States; designed to measure complex mental processes,; gained worldwide attention
James McKeen Cattell
Person credited with merging individual mental measurement with the new science of psychology; one of the first psychologists to appreciate to appreciate the practical uses of tests in the selection and diagnosis of people; constructed a standard battery of mental tests for use by researchers interested in individual differences; chose 10 tests that reflected the then-prevalent tendency to use sensorimotor functioning as an index of mental capacity, and he tested people’s performance under varying conditions
Wisconsin, Clark, & Yale
Adopted sensorimotor mental test; criticized because of their low correlations with most other mental ability criteria
Hugo Munsterberg
Psychologist at University of Freiburg & Harvard constructed a set of 14 tests to assess children’s mental abilities
Effects of Employment of Clinical Psychologists in Mental Hospitals
Widened psychologists’ sphere of influence as they contributed to the assessment of persons with psychological problems
Promoted interaction between psychologists and psychiatrists
Trephining
Boring small holes in the skull to provide evil spirits with an exit
Hippocrates
Suggested that these aberrations stem from natural causes; behavior disorders are a function of the distribution of four bodily fluids, or humors
St. Mary’s of Bethlehem
Source of the word beldam; hospital movement which saved many lives, but it did not neacissarily make them worth living;
Philippe Pinel
Ushered in the era of more humane treatment; believed that mentally ill are intractable only because they are deprived of fresh air and liberty
Benjamin Rush
Regarded as the father of American Psychiatry; instrumental in changing the way institutionalized mental patients were treated in the United States; advocated the antiquated treatments of bloodletting and a tranquilizer chair for immobilization
William Tuke
Favored the whiling chair and plunge baths
Dorothea Lynde Dix
Teacher who was a key figure in their development taht mentally ill patients were suffering from diseases that could be treated led to the development of specialized mental hospitals
Clifford Beers
Former mental patients who formed an organization that ultimately became National Association for Mental Health; worked to improve treatment of the mentally ill and to prevent psychological disorders
Emil Kraepelin
Wrote and revised the first formal classifications of psychological disorders; included participation in the formation of the first state mental ygiene committee in the US, gave expert testimony in murder trials, screening soldiers in World War I, writing poetry, and studying Buddhism; his approach of classifying mental illness in terms of observable symptoms which is still evident in the current system of classification (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
Jean-Martin Charcot
Found that hypnosis could alleviate certain behavior disorders, might have psychological causes, particularly hysteria; favored explanations of hysteria based on neurological degeneration
Sigmund Freud
Young Viennese neurologist who proposed the first stage of a theory in which behavior disorders were seen not as the result of organic problems but as a consequence of the dynamic struggle of the human mind to satisfy instinctual desires while also coping with the rules and restrictions of the outside world
Sigmund Freud
Young Viennese neurologist who proposed the first stage of a theory in which behavior disorders were seen not as the result of organic problems but as a consequence of the dynamic struggle of the human mind to satisfy instinctual desires while also coping with the rules and restrictions of the outside world
Jean-Martin Charcot
Found that hypnosis could alleviate certain behavior disorders might have psychological causes; favored explanations of hysteria based on neurological degenerations
Robert Yerkes
President of APA to head a committee of assessment-oriented experimental psychologists who were to develop appropriate measures; produced the Army Alpha and Army Beta intelligence tests and to help detect behavior disorders
Familiar Instruments of 1920’s and 1930’s
Jung's Word Association Test Rorschack Inkblot Test Miller Analogies Test Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test Strong Vocational Interest Test Thematic Apperception Test Bender-Gestalt Test Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale
Familiar Instruments of 1920’s and 1930’s
Jung's Word Association Test Rorschack Inkblot Test Miller Analogies Test Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test Strong Vocational Interest Test Thematic Apperception Test Bender-Gestalt Test Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale
What Changes Psychology
Psychological Testing Expanded to include measures of personality and psychopathology
Child guidance clinics, where clinical psychologists worked since the time of Witmer, broadened their client base to include treatment of social as well as educational maladjustment
Psychologists of the early 20th century became eager to learn psychoanalysis, the dominant approach to psychotherapy among psychiatrists
William Healy
Founded the first child-guidance clinic in Chicago; worked with children, employed a team approach, and emphasized prevention; instead of dealing mainly with learning disabilites or other educational difficulties; focused on cases of child misbehavior that drew the attention of school autorities, the police, or the courts; approach taken by the staf at Healy’s Chicago clinic; heavily influenced y Freud’s psychoanalytic theories
G. Stanley Hall
arranged for Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Sandor Ferenczi to speak at a conference at Clark University;
Will James & James Baldwin
psychologists with strong interests in the self, the ego, and dissociated states of consciousness such as trance, hypnosis, and unexplained memory loss
Psychoanalytic Treatment
Province of psychiatrists, not psychologists, and for many years the psyciatric community sought to keep it that way
Veteran’s Administrations
Launched a program to support training in the mental health disciplines; made clinical internships available in VA hospitals and mental hygiene clinics
National effort to create community mental health clinics throughout the United States
American Psychological Association
Dominated by researchers who had doubts about the wisdom of a clinical psychology profession; as more psychologists became interested in applying their knowledge beyond the laboratory, conflicts arose among APA members who wanted the discipline to be a pure science and those who wanted it to be an applied one
American Association of Clinical Psychologists (AACP)
Cofounded in 1917 by Leta Hollingworth;
Leta Hollingworth
A member of the Columbia University psychology faculty; first to suggest a more practically oriented form of training for clinical psychologists (PsyD) as an alternative to the research-based PhD; also suggested a national examining board to identify and grant licenses to qualified flinicians
Association of Consulting Psychologists
Established codes of ethics for practicing psychologists
American Association for Applied Psychology (AAAP)
Contained dividions of consulting, clinical, educational, and industrial psychology and remained a viable alternative to the research domiinated APA, which seemed to have little interest in practice concerns
Psychodynamic Approach
Collection of related approaches; at its historical core are Freud’s psychoanalytic theories; many of Freud’s basic assumptions and psychotherapy techniques remain central to this approach
Psychodynamic Model
Rooted in the work of neurologists and psychiatrists practicing in the French clinical tradition and is given its fullest expression in the writings of Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud
Saw patients with neurological symptoms for which no organic cause could be found; dealt with neurotics who displayed hysterical paralyses, amnesia, anesthesia, blindness, and speech loss
Cathartic Method
Reciting hallucinations; called the talking cure
