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Emergency Medical Technician > Chapter 7 | Principles of Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Chapter 7 | Principles of Pathophysiology Flashcards

• The cell, cellular metabolism, and results of the alteration of cellular metabolism • The cardiopulmonary system and its combined respiratory and cardiovascular functions • The respiratory system and the importance of oxygenation and ventilation • The cardiovascular system and the movement of blood • The principles of perfusion, hypoperfusion, and shock • Disrupted physiology of major body systems

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1
Q

Define:

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell

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2
Q

Define:

metabolism

A

the cellular function of converting nutrients into energy

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3
Q

Define:

aerobic metabolism

(efficient or inefficient)

A

the cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose

efficient (little waste)

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4
Q

Define:

anaerobic metabolism

(efficient or inefficient)

A

the cellular process in which glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen

inefficient (much waste)

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5
Q

Define:

electrolytes

A

a substance that, when dissolved in water, separates into charged particles

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6
Q

Define:

FiO₂

“fraction of inspired oxygen”

A

the concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe

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7
Q

Define:

patent

(PAY-tent)

A

open and clear

free from obstruction

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8
Q

Define:

tidal volume

A

the volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing

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9
Q

Define:

minute volume

A

the amount of air breathed in and out in one minute

(tidal volume x respiratory rate = minute volume)

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10
Q

Define:

dead air space

A

air that occupies the airway but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange

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11
Q

Explain:

how respirations are controlled

A

in the brain by the medulla oblongata

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12
Q

Define:

plasma oncotic pressure

A

the pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma portion of blood that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream

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13
Q

Define:

hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure that tends to push water out of blood vessels

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14
Q

Define:

stretch receptors

A

sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure

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15
Q

Define:

loss of tone

(blood vessel dysfunction)

A

vessels lose ability to constrict and dilate

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16
Q

Describe:

effect of loss of tone

(blood vessel dysfunction)

A

results in blood pressure drop

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17
Q

Describe:

significance of excessive permeability

(blood vessel dysfunction)

A

capillaries become overly “leaky” (allows too much fluid to flow out of walls)

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18
Q

Explain:

significance of SVR

(blood vessel dysfunction)

A

pressure too high inside vessels

major risk factor in stroke and heart disease

(SVR is systemic vascular resistance)

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19
Q

Explain:

significance of loss of regulation

(blood vessel dysfunction)

A

stretch receptors stop working

lack of sympathetic response can cause shock

20
Q

Define:

stroke volume

A

the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction

21
Q

Define:

cardiac output

A

the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute

22
Q

List:

factors contributing to stroke volume

3 points

A
  • preload: amount of blood returning to heart
  • contractility: how hard heart squeezes
  • afterload: pressure heart has to pump against to force blood out
23
Q

Explain:

formula for cardiac output

A

stroke volume * beats per minute = cardiac output

24
Q

Explain:

how a very high heart rate can lower cardiac output

A

fluttering pulse does not allow heart to maximize stroke volume

chambers dont fill, then not as much blood gets pumped (despite speed)

25
Q

List:

causes of mechanical heart problems

3 points

A
  • physical trauma
  • squeezing forces
  • cell death (heart attack)
26
Q

Describe:

electrical heart problem

A

damage to heart’s ability to regulate rate

27
Q

Fill in the blank:

There must be a balance between [BLANK] and [BLANK] for cardiopulmonary system to work properly.

A

There must be a balance between ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) for cardiopulmonary system to work properly.

28
Q

Explain:

significance of hypovolemia

A

low blood volume can hinder body’s ability to maintain temperature

29
Q

Fill in the blank:

When going into shock, the body attempts to [BLANK].

A

When going into shock, the body attempts to compensate.

30
Q

Define:

compensatory mechanisms

(shock)

A

the body’s attempt to counter a decrease in tissue perfusion

31
Q

Fill in the blank:

Decompensated shock occurs when [BLANK].

A

Decompensated shock occurs when compensatory measures fail.

32
Q

Fill in the blank:

Irreversible shock occurs when [BLANK].

(when something begins to something)

A

Irreversible shock occurs when inadequately-perfused organ systems begin to die.

33
Q

Fill in the blank:

The [BLANK] and [BLANK] regulate thirst and elimination of excess fluid.

A

The brain and kidneys regulate thirst and elimination of excess fluid.

34
Q

Fill in the blank:

The brain and kidneys regulate [BLANK] and [BLANK].

A

The brain and kidneys regulate thirst and elimination of excess fluid.

35
Q

FIll in the blank:

[BLANK] proteins pull fluid into the bloodstream.

A

Blood plasma proteins pull fluid into the bloodstream.

36
Q

FIll in the blank:

Blood plasma proteins pull [BLANK] into the [BLANK].

A

Blood plasma proteins pull fluid into the bloodstream.

37
Q

Explain:

significance of fluid loss

(disruptions in fluid balance)

A

dehydration

decrease in total water volume

38
Q

Explain:

significance of poor fluid distribution

(distruptions of fluid balance)

A

water not getting to where it needs to go

edema (too much water in some parts of body)

39
Q

Fill in the blank:

The [BLANK] and [BLANK] are well-protected by the skull and spine.

A

The brain and spinal cord are well-protected by the skull and spine.

40
Q

Fill in the blank:

The brain and spinal cord are well-protected by the [BLANK] and [BLANK].

A

The brain and spinal cord are well-protected by the skull and spine.

41
Q

Define:

meninges

A

three membranes that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord

42
Q

Define:

cerebrospinal fluid

A

a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows in and around the brain and spinal cord

43
Q

Define:

hypersensitivity

(allergic reaction)

A

exaggerated immune response to certain food/drugs/substances

44
Q

Describe:

most vulnerable part of the cell

A

cell membrane

45
Q

Define:

pathophysiology

A

disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury

Emergency Medical Technician (41 decks)

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