Chapter 7 | Principles of Pathophysiology Flashcards
• The cell, cellular metabolism, and results of the alteration of cellular metabolism • The cardiopulmonary system and its combined respiratory and cardiovascular functions • The respiratory system and the importance of oxygenation and ventilation • The cardiovascular system and the movement of blood • The principles of perfusion, hypoperfusion, and shock • Disrupted physiology of major body systems
Define:
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
Define:
metabolism
the cellular function of converting nutrients into energy
Define:
aerobic metabolism
(efficient or inefficient)
the cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose
efficient (little waste)
Define:
anaerobic metabolism
(efficient or inefficient)
the cellular process in which glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen
inefficient (much waste)
Define:
electrolytes
a substance that, when dissolved in water, separates into charged particles
Define:
FiO₂
“fraction of inspired oxygen”
the concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe
Define:
patent
(PAY-tent)
open and clear
free from obstruction
Define:
tidal volume
the volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing
Define:
minute volume
the amount of air breathed in and out in one minute
(tidal volume x respiratory rate = minute volume)
Define:
dead air space
air that occupies the airway but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange
Explain:
how respirations are controlled
in the brain by the medulla oblongata
Define:
plasma oncotic pressure
the pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma portion of blood that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream
Define:
hydrostatic pressure
the pressure that tends to push water out of blood vessels
Define:
stretch receptors
sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure
Define:
loss of tone
(blood vessel dysfunction)
vessels lose ability to constrict and dilate
Describe:
effect of loss of tone
(blood vessel dysfunction)
results in blood pressure drop
Describe:
significance of excessive permeability
(blood vessel dysfunction)
capillaries become overly “leaky” (allows too much fluid to flow out of walls)
Explain:
significance of SVR
(blood vessel dysfunction)
pressure too high inside vessels
major risk factor in stroke and heart disease
(SVR is systemic vascular resistance)
Explain:
significance of loss of regulation
(blood vessel dysfunction)
stretch receptors stop working
lack of sympathetic response can cause shock
Define:
stroke volume
the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction
Define:
cardiac output
the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute
List:
factors contributing to stroke volume
3 points
- preload: amount of blood returning to heart
- contractility: how hard heart squeezes
- afterload: pressure heart has to pump against to force blood out
Explain:
formula for cardiac output
stroke volume * beats per minute = cardiac output
Explain:
how a very high heart rate can lower cardiac output
fluttering pulse does not allow heart to maximize stroke volume
chambers dont fill, then not as much blood gets pumped (despite speed)
List:
causes of mechanical heart problems
3 points
- physical trauma
- squeezing forces
- cell death (heart attack)
Describe:
electrical heart problem
damage to heart’s ability to regulate rate
Fill in the blank:
There must be a balance between [BLANK] and [BLANK] for cardiopulmonary system to work properly.
There must be a balance between ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) for cardiopulmonary system to work properly.
Explain:
significance of hypovolemia
low blood volume can hinder body’s ability to maintain temperature
Fill in the blank:
When going into shock, the body attempts to [BLANK].
When going into shock, the body attempts to compensate.
Define:
compensatory mechanisms
(shock)
the body’s attempt to counter a decrease in tissue perfusion
Fill in the blank:
Decompensated shock occurs when [BLANK].
Decompensated shock occurs when compensatory measures fail.
Fill in the blank:
Irreversible shock occurs when [BLANK].
(when something begins to something)
Irreversible shock occurs when inadequately-perfused organ systems begin to die.
Fill in the blank:
The [BLANK] and [BLANK] regulate thirst and elimination of excess fluid.
The brain and kidneys regulate thirst and elimination of excess fluid.
Fill in the blank:
The brain and kidneys regulate [BLANK] and [BLANK].
The brain and kidneys regulate thirst and elimination of excess fluid.
FIll in the blank:
[BLANK] proteins pull fluid into the bloodstream.
Blood plasma proteins pull fluid into the bloodstream.
FIll in the blank:
Blood plasma proteins pull [BLANK] into the [BLANK].
Blood plasma proteins pull fluid into the bloodstream.
Explain:
significance of fluid loss
(disruptions in fluid balance)
dehydration
decrease in total water volume
Explain:
significance of poor fluid distribution
(distruptions of fluid balance)
water not getting to where it needs to go
edema (too much water in some parts of body)
Fill in the blank:
The [BLANK] and [BLANK] are well-protected by the skull and spine.
The brain and spinal cord are well-protected by the skull and spine.
Fill in the blank:
The brain and spinal cord are well-protected by the [BLANK] and [BLANK].
The brain and spinal cord are well-protected by the skull and spine.
Define:
meninges
three membranes that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord
Define:
cerebrospinal fluid
a clear, colorless, watery fluid that flows in and around the brain and spinal cord
Define:
hypersensitivity
(allergic reaction)
exaggerated immune response to certain food/drugs/substances
Describe:
most vulnerable part of the cell
cell membrane
Define:
pathophysiology
disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury
