Chapter 6 | Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
The structure and function of major body systems
Define:
thyroid cartilage
the Adam’s apple
the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx
Define:
musculoskeletal system
the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement
Define:
skeleton
the bones of the body
Define:
muscles
tissues that can contract to allow movement of a body part
Define:
ligaments
tissues that connect bone to bone
Define:
tendons
tissues that connect muscle to bone
Define:
skull
the bony structure of the head
List:
structures of musculoskeletal system
3 points
- bones
- joints
- muscles
Explain:
functions of musculoskeletal system
skeleton supports and protects the body, form blood cells, and stores minerals
muscles produce movement
List:
structures of respiratory system
6 points
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tubes
- lungs
Explain:
functions of respiratory system
obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body
List:
structures of cardiovascular system
3 points
- heart
- arteries
- veins
Explain:
function of cardiovascular system
pumps blood throughout the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
List:
structures of blood
4 points
- plasma
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
List:
structures of lymphatic system
5 points
- tonsils/adenoids
- thymus gland
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- lymphatic vessels
List:
functions of lymphatic system
2 points
- Helps maintain fluid balance of body
- Provides substantial immune support
List:
structures of nervous system
3 points
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
Explain:
function of nervous system
receives sensory information and coordinates body’s response
List:
structures of digestive system
8 points
- mouth (oral cavity)
- throat (esophagus)
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine (colon)
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
Explain:
function of digestive system
ingests, digests, and absorbs nutrients for the body
List:
structures of integumentary system
4 points
- skin
- hair
- nails
- sweat glands
Explain:
function of integumentary system
forms protective barrier and aids in temperature regulation
List:
structures of endocrine system
8 points
- pancreas
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- thymus gland
- adrenal gland
- testes
- ovaries
Explain:
function of endocrine system
regulates metabolic/hormonal activities of the body
List:
structures of renal/urinary system
4 points
- kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
Explain:
function of renal/urinary system
filters waste products out of blood and removes them from body
List:
structures of male reproductive system
6 points
- penis
- testes
- prostate gland
- vas deferens
- seminal vesicles
- epidiymis
Explain:
function of male reproductive system
produces sperm for reproduction
List:
structures of female reproductive system
6 points
- ovaries
- fallopian tubes (oviducts)
- uterus
- vagina
- vulva
- breasts
List:
functions of female reproductive system
2 points
- produces eggs for reproduction
- provides an environment and nutrients for growing baby
Locate:
maxilla
(anatomical term)
fused bone of upper jaw
Locate:
nasal bone
(anatomical term)
provides structure to nose
Locate:
orbit
(anatomical term)
surrounding the eyes
Locate:
zygomatic arch
zygomatic bone
(anatomical term)
structure of cheeks
Locate:
vertebrae
(anatomical term)
33 bones of the spinal column
List with corresponding anatomy:
divisions of the spine
5 points (anatomy)
- cervical: neck
- thoracic: thorax, ribs, upper back
- lumbar: lower back
- sacral: back wall of pelvis
- coccyx: tailbone
Define:
thorax
(anotomical term)
the chest
Locate:
sternum
(anotomical term)
the breastbone
List:
major organs of the sternum
4 points
- heart
- lungs
- major blood vessels
- (diaphragm)
Locate:
manubrium
(anotomical term)
the superior (upper) portion of the sternum
Locate:
xiphoid process
(anotomical term)
the inferior portion of the sternum
Define:
pelvis
(anotomical term)
the basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities
Locate:
ilium
(anotomical term)
the superior and widest portion of the pelvis
Locate:
ischium
(anotomical term)
pelvic floor
inferior (lower) and posterior (back) portions of pelvis
Locate:
pubis
(anotomical term)
the medial anterior portion of the pelvis
Locate:
acetabulum
(anotomical term)
hip joint
the pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits
Locate:
femur
(anotomical term)
the large bone of the thigh
Locate:
patella
(anotomical term)
the kneecap
Locate:
tibia
(anotomical term)
the medial and larger bone of the lower leg
Locate:
fibula
(anotomical term)
the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
Locate:
malleolus
(anotomical term)
protrusion on the side of the ankle
outer ankle (lateral malleous); inner ankle (medial malleous)
Locate:
tarsals
(anotomical term)
the ankle bones
Locate:
metatarsals
(anotomical term)
the foot bones
Locate:
calcaneus
(anotomical term)
the heel bone
Locate:
phlanges
(anotomical term)
the toe bones and finger bones
Locate:
clavicle
(anotomical term)
the collarbone
Locate:
scapula
(anotomical term)
the shoulder blade
Locate:
acromion process
(anotomical term)
the highest portion of the shoulder
Locate:
acromioclavicular joint
(anotomical term)
the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet
Locate:
humerus
(anotomical term)
the bone of the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow
Locate:
radius
(anotomical term)
the lateral bone of the forearm
Locate:
ulna
(anotomical term)
the medial bone of the forearm
Locate:
carpals
(anotomical term)
the wrist bones
Locate:
metacarpals
(anotomical term)
the hand bones
Define:
joint
(anotomical term)
the point where two bones come together
Define:
voluntary muscle
(anotomical term)
muscle that can be consciously controlled
Define:
involuntary muscle
(anotomical term)
muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled
Define:
cardiac muscle
(anotomical term)
specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart
Define:
automaticity
(physiological term)
the ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own
Define and locate:
pharynx
(anotomical term)
the area directly posterior to the mouth and nose
Define and locate:
oropharynx
(anotomical term)
the area directly posterior to the mouth
xDefine and locate:
nasopharynx
(anotomical term)
the area directly posterior to the nose
Define and locate:
epiglottis
(anotomical term)
leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter from entering the trachea
glottic opening is the divider between upper- and lower-respiratory system
Define and locate:
larynx
(anotomical term)
voice box
located inferior to pharynx
Define and locate:
trachea
(anotomical term)
windpipe
Define and locate:
lungs
(anotomical term)
the organs where exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide takes place
Define and locate:
bronchi
(anotomical term)
the two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs
(singular = bronchus)
Define and locate:
alveoli
(anotomical term)
the microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place
Define and locate:
diaphragm
(anotomical term)
major muscle of respiration
Define:
inhalation
(physiological term)
an active process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs
Define:
exhalation
(physiological term)
a passive process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and create a positive pressure for air to flow out of the lungs
Define:
ventilation
(physiological term)
movement of gasses from outside into the lungs
Define:
respiration
(physiological term)
diffusion of oxygen from air through alveoli membranes in the lungs
Define:
perfusion
(physiological term)
exchange of O₂ and CO₂ with cells/tissues as a result of the blood flow through capillaries
Define:
buffer system
(physiological term)
a system that helps manage the pH of the body to maintain it at a normal level
Define and locate:
atria
(anatomical terminology)
the two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood
Locate:
ventricles
(anatomical terminology)
the two lower chambers of the heart that send out blood
Explain:
function of right atrium
receives de-oxygenated blood returning from the body
Explain:
function of left atrium
receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs
Explain:
function of right ventricle
sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Explain:
function of left ventricle
sends oxygenated blood to the body
Define:
plasma
(anatomical terminology)
fluid portion of blood
more than half of volume of blood
Define:
red blood cells
(anatomical terminology)
components of blood which contains hemoglobin (which carry oxygen)
Define:
white blood cells
(anatomical terminology)
components of blood which produce substances that help the body fight infection
Define:
platelets
(anatomical terminology)
membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells in blood that help with clotting
Define:
central nervous system (CNS)
(anatomical terminology)
the brain and spinal cord
Define:
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
(anatomical terminology)
the nerves that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord
Define:
automatic nervous system
(anatomical terminology)
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions
Locate and define:
stomach
(anatomical terminology)
muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where digestion of food begins
Locate and define:
small intestine
(anatomical terminology)
the muscular tube between the stomach and the large intestine
Locate and define:
large intestine
(anatomical terminology)
the muscular tube that removes water from waste products received from the small intestine and moves anything not absorbed by the body toward excretion from the body
Locate and define:
liver
(anatomical terminology)
the largest internal organ of the body
produces bile to assist in breakdown of fats and assists in the metabolism of various substances in the body
Locate and define:
gallbladder
(anatomical terminology)
a sac on the underside of the liver that stores bile produced by the liver
Locate and define:
pancreas
(anatomical terminology)
a gland located behind the stomach
produces insulin and juices that assist in digestion of food in the small intestine
Locate and define:
spleen
(anatomical terminology)
an organ in LUQ which acts as a blood filtration system
Locate and define:
appendix
(anatomical terminology)
a small tube located near the junction of the small and large intestines in the RLQ
purpose unknown
Locate and define:
skin
(anatomical terminology)
the layer of tissue between the body and the external environment
Locate and define:
epidermis
(anatomical terminology)
the outer layer of skin
Locate and define:
dermis
(anatomical terminology)
the inner (second) layer of skin
rich in blood vessels and nerves
found beneath the epidermis
Define:
insulin
a hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many people with diabetes
helps break down glucose
Define:
epinephrin
a hormone produced by the adrenal glands
it’s essentially adrenaline
Locate and define:
kidneys
(anatomical terminology)
organs of the renal system used to filter blood and regulate fluid (pee) levels in the body
Locate and define:
bladder
(anatomical terminology)
the round, saclike organ of the renal system used as a reservoir for urine
Locate and define
ureter
the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder
Locate and define:
testes
(anatomical terminology)
men’s balls
the male organs of reproduction used for the production of sperm and hormones
Locate and define:
penis
(anatomical terminology)
the organ of male reproduction responsible for sexual intercourse and the transfer of sperm
Locate and define:
ovaries
(anatomical terminology)
egg- and hormone-producing organs within the female reproductive system
Locate and define:
uterus
(anatomical terminology)
female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus
Locate and define:
vagina
(anatomical terminology)
the female organ of reproduction used both for sexual intercourse and as an exit from the uterus for the fetus
Define:
hemoglobin
(anatomical terminology)
protien found in red blood cells which carries oxygen to (and CO₂ away from) cells
Define and locate:
thyroid gland
(anatomical terminology)
gland at front of neck
aids in development of immune system
Explain:
difference between ventilation and respiration
ventilation refers to intake of oxygen through breathing
respiration refers to distribution of oxygen to cells
Describe:
number of cervical vertebrae
7
Describe:
number of thoracic vertebrae
12
Describe:
number of lumbar vertebrae
5
Describe:
number of sacral vertebrae
5
Describe:
number of coccyx vertebrae
4
Fill in the blank:
The [BLANK] is the muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
The diaphragm is the muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Fill in the blank:
[BLANK] connect bone to bone.
[BLANK] connect bone to muscle.
Ligaments connect bone to bone.
Tendons connect bone to muscle.
Fill in the blank:
Tendons connect [BLANK].
Ligaments connect [BLANK].
Tendons connect bone to muscle.
Ligaments connect bone to bone.
Explain:
difference between ilium and ischium
ilium: superior and widest part of pelvis
ischium: pelvic floor
Fill in the blank:
Epinepherin can be used to relieve severe allergic reactions because it is effective at [BLANK].
Epinepherin can be used to relieve severe allergic reactions because it is effective at dilating the respiratory passages.
Fill in the blank:
Epinepherin can be used to [BLANK] because it is effective at dilating the respiratory passages.
Epinepherin can be used to treat severe allergic reactions because it is effective at dilating the respiratory passages.
List:
major organs of RUQ
5 points
- liver
- right kidney
- pancreas
- gallbladder
- large intestines (colon)
List:
major organs of LUQ
6 points
- liver
- left kidney
- spleen
- pancreas
- stomach
- large intestines (colon)
List:
major organs of RLQ
6 points
- large intestines (colon)
- small intestines
- appendix
- right kidney
- ureter
- major artery and vein to right leg
List:
major organs of LLQ
5 points
- left kidney
- large intestines (colon)
- small intestines
- ureter
- major artery and vein to left leg
Choose:
The neurons that allow the brain to communicate with the body are contained within what structure?
A. The central spinal ligament
B. The vertebral canal
C. The vertebral body
D. The vertebral lamina
B
The spinal cord is the bundle of nerves that link the brain to every other component of the body. It is protected by the bones of the spine, known as the vertebrae (singular, vertebra). The vertebral canal is the circular hole in each vertebra that, collectively as a canal, allows vertical passage of the spinal cord. This is also commonly called the “spinal canal,” so think of the vertebral canal as the canal for the spinal cord. Do not confuse this with the neural foramen (plural, foramina), which is the passage of each spinal nerve emerging from the cord to the area of the body it innervates. These canals are oblique.
Choose:
Which of the following anatomical structures is considered the division between the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
A. The Bronchi
B. The Larynx
C. The Trachea
D. The Oropharynx
B
The larynx, located just below the oropharynx is the point where the upper respiratory tract becomes the lower. The main difference is that the upper respiratory tract carries both food/fluid and air.
Define:
axilla
the space below the shoulder through which vessels and nerves enter and leave the upper arm
your armpit
Define and locate:
carina
ridge where bronchi branch to the left and right lungs
