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Emergency Medical Technician > Chapter 6 | Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 6 | Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

The structure and function of major body systems

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Define:

thyroid cartilage

A

the Adam’s apple

the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx

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2
Q

Define:

musculoskeletal system

A

the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement

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3
Q

Define:

skeleton

A

the bones of the body

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4
Q

Define:

muscles

A

tissues that can contract to allow movement of a body part

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5
Q

Define:

ligaments

A

tissues that connect bone to bone

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6
Q

Define:

tendons

A

tissues that connect muscle to bone

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7
Q

Define:

skull

A

the bony structure of the head

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8
Q

List:

structures of musculoskeletal system

3 points

A
  • bones
  • joints
  • muscles
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9
Q

Explain:

functions of musculoskeletal system

A

skeleton supports and protects the body, form blood cells, and stores minerals

muscles produce movement

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10
Q

List:

structures of respiratory system

6 points

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchial tubes
  • lungs
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11
Q

Explain:

functions of respiratory system

A

obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body

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12
Q

List:

structures of cardiovascular system

3 points

A
  • heart
  • arteries
  • veins
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13
Q

Explain:

function of cardiovascular system

A

pumps blood throughout the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes

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14
Q

List:

structures of blood

4 points

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
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15
Q

List:

structures of lymphatic system

5 points

A
  • tonsils/adenoids
  • thymus gland
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphatic vessels
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16
Q

List:

functions of lymphatic system

2 points

A
  • Helps maintain fluid balance of body
  • Provides substantial immune support
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17
Q

List:

structures of nervous system

3 points

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
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18
Q

Explain:

function of nervous system

A

receives sensory information and coordinates body’s response

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19
Q

List:

structures of digestive system

8 points

A
  • mouth (oral cavity)
  • throat (esophagus)
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine (colon)
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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20
Q

Explain:

function of digestive system

A

ingests, digests, and absorbs nutrients for the body

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21
Q

List:

structures of integumentary system

4 points

A
  • skin
  • hair
  • nails
  • sweat glands
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22
Q

Explain:

function of integumentary system

A

forms protective barrier and aids in temperature regulation

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23
Q

List:

structures of endocrine system

8 points

A
  • pancreas
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • thymus gland
  • adrenal gland
  • testes
  • ovaries
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24
Q

Explain:

function of endocrine system

A

regulates metabolic/hormonal activities of the body

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25
Q

List:

structures of renal/urinary system

4 points

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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26
Q

Explain:

function of renal/urinary system

A

filters waste products out of blood and removes them from body

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27
Q

List:

structures of male reproductive system

6 points

A
  • penis
  • testes
  • prostate gland
  • vas deferens
  • seminal vesicles
  • epidiymis
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28
Q

Explain:

function of male reproductive system

A

produces sperm for reproduction

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29
Q

List:

structures of female reproductive system

6 points

A
  • ovaries
  • fallopian tubes (oviducts)
  • uterus
  • vagina
  • vulva
  • breasts
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30
Q

List:

functions of female reproductive system

2 points

A
  • produces eggs for reproduction
  • provides an environment and nutrients for growing baby
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31
Q

Locate:

maxilla

(anatomical term)

A

fused bone of upper jaw

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32
Q

Locate:

nasal bone

(anatomical term)

A

provides structure to nose

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33
Q

Locate:

orbit

(anatomical term)

A

surrounding the eyes

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34
Q

Locate:

zygomatic arch

zygomatic bone

(anatomical term)

A

structure of cheeks

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35
Q

Locate:

vertebrae

(anatomical term)

A

33 bones of the spinal column

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36
Q

List with corresponding anatomy:

divisions of the spine

5 points (anatomy)

A
  • cervical: neck
  • thoracic: thorax, ribs, upper back
  • lumbar: lower back
  • sacral: back wall of pelvis
  • coccyx: tailbone
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37
Q

Define:

thorax

(anotomical term)

A

the chest

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38
Q

Locate:

sternum

(anotomical term)

A

the breastbone

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39
Q

List:

major organs of the sternum

4 points

A
  • heart
  • lungs
  • major blood vessels
  • (diaphragm)
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40
Q

Locate:

manubrium

(anotomical term)

A

the superior (upper) portion of the sternum

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41
Q

Locate:

xiphoid process

(anotomical term)

A

the inferior portion of the sternum

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42
Q

Define:

pelvis

(anotomical term)

A

the basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities

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43
Q

Locate:

ilium

(anotomical term)

A

the superior and widest portion of the pelvis

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44
Q

Locate:

ischium

(anotomical term)

A

pelvic floor

inferior (lower) and posterior (back) portions of pelvis

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45
Q

Locate:

pubis

(anotomical term)

A

the medial anterior portion of the pelvis

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46
Q

Locate:

acetabulum

(anotomical term)

A

hip joint

the pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits

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47
Q

Locate:

femur

(anotomical term)

A

the large bone of the thigh

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48
Q

Locate:

patella

(anotomical term)

A

the kneecap

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49
Q

Locate:

tibia

(anotomical term)

A

the medial and larger bone of the lower leg

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50
Q

Locate:

fibula

(anotomical term)

A

the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg

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51
Q

Locate:

malleolus

(anotomical term)

A

protrusion on the side of the ankle

outer ankle (lateral malleous); inner ankle (medial malleous)

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52
Q

Locate:

tarsals

(anotomical term)

A

the ankle bones

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53
Q

Locate:

metatarsals

(anotomical term)

A

the foot bones

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54
Q

Locate:

calcaneus

(anotomical term)

A

the heel bone

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55
Q

Locate:

phlanges

(anotomical term)

A

the toe bones and finger bones

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56
Q

Locate:

clavicle

(anotomical term)

A

the collarbone

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57
Q

Locate:

scapula

(anotomical term)

A

the shoulder blade

58
Q

Locate:

acromion process

(anotomical term)

A

the highest portion of the shoulder

59
Q

Locate:

acromioclavicular joint

(anotomical term)

A

the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet

60
Q

Locate:

humerus

(anotomical term)

A

the bone of the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow

61
Q

Locate:

radius

(anotomical term)

A

the lateral bone of the forearm

62
Q

Locate:

ulna

(anotomical term)

A

the medial bone of the forearm

63
Q

Locate:

carpals

(anotomical term)

A

the wrist bones

64
Q

Locate:

metacarpals

(anotomical term)

A

the hand bones

65
Q

Define:

joint

(anotomical term)

A

the point where two bones come together

66
Q

Define:

voluntary muscle

(anotomical term)

A

muscle that can be consciously controlled

67
Q

Define:

involuntary muscle

(anotomical term)

A

muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled

68
Q

Define:

cardiac muscle

(anotomical term)

A

specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart

69
Q

Define:

automaticity

(physiological term)

A

the ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own

70
Q

Define and locate:

pharynx

(anotomical term)

A

the area directly posterior to the mouth and nose

71
Q

Define and locate:

oropharynx

(anotomical term)

A

the area directly posterior to the mouth

72
Q

xDefine and locate:

nasopharynx

(anotomical term)

A

the area directly posterior to the nose

73
Q

Define and locate:

epiglottis

(anotomical term)

A

leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter from entering the trachea

glottic opening is the divider between upper- and lower-respiratory system

74
Q

Define and locate:

larynx

(anotomical term)

A

voice box

located inferior to pharynx

75
Q

Define and locate:

trachea

(anotomical term)

A

windpipe

76
Q

Define and locate:

lungs

(anotomical term)

A

the organs where exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide takes place

77
Q

Define and locate:

bronchi

(anotomical term)

A

the two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs

(singular = bronchus)

78
Q

Define and locate:

alveoli

(anotomical term)

A

the microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place

79
Q

Define and locate:

diaphragm

(anotomical term)

A

major muscle of respiration

80
Q

Define:

inhalation

(physiological term)

A

an active process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs

81
Q

Define:

exhalation

(physiological term)

A

a passive process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and create a positive pressure for air to flow out of the lungs

82
Q

Define:

ventilation

(physiological term)

A

movement of gasses from outside into the lungs

83
Q

Define:

respiration

(physiological term)

A

diffusion of oxygen from air through alveoli membranes in the lungs

84
Q

Define:

perfusion

(physiological term)

A

exchange of O₂ and CO₂ with cells/tissues as a result of the blood flow through capillaries

85
Q

Define:

buffer system

(physiological term)

A

a system that helps manage the pH of the body to maintain it at a normal level

86
Q

Define and locate:

atria

(anatomical terminology)

A

the two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood

87
Q

Locate:

ventricles

(anatomical terminology)

A

the two lower chambers of the heart that send out blood

88
Q

Explain:

function of right atrium

A

receives de-oxygenated blood returning from the body

89
Q

Explain:

function of left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs

90
Q

Explain:

function of right ventricle

A

sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs

91
Q

Explain:

function of left ventricle

A

sends oxygenated blood to the body

92
Q

Define:

plasma

(anatomical terminology)

A

fluid portion of blood

more than half of volume of blood

93
Q

Define:

red blood cells

(anatomical terminology)

A

components of blood which contains hemoglobin (which carry oxygen)

94
Q

Define:

white blood cells

(anatomical terminology)

A

components of blood which produce substances that help the body fight infection

95
Q

Define:

platelets

(anatomical terminology)

A

membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells in blood that help with clotting

96
Q

Define:

central nervous system (CNS)

(anatomical terminology)

A

the brain and spinal cord

97
Q

Define:

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

(anatomical terminology)

A

the nerves that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord

98
Q

Define:

automatic nervous system

(anatomical terminology)

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions

99
Q

Locate and define:

stomach

(anatomical terminology)

A

muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where digestion of food begins

100
Q

Locate and define:

small intestine

(anatomical terminology)

A

the muscular tube between the stomach and the large intestine

101
Q

Locate and define:

large intestine

(anatomical terminology)

A

the muscular tube that removes water from waste products received from the small intestine and moves anything not absorbed by the body toward excretion from the body

102
Q

Locate and define:

liver

(anatomical terminology)

A

the largest internal organ of the body

produces bile to assist in breakdown of fats and assists in the metabolism of various substances in the body

103
Q

Locate and define:

gallbladder

(anatomical terminology)

A

a sac on the underside of the liver that stores bile produced by the liver

104
Q

Locate and define:

pancreas

(anatomical terminology)

A

a gland located behind the stomach

produces insulin and juices that assist in digestion of food in the small intestine

105
Q

Locate and define:

spleen

(anatomical terminology)

A

an organ in LUQ which acts as a blood filtration system

106
Q

Locate and define:

appendix

(anatomical terminology)

A

a small tube located near the junction of the small and large intestines in the RLQ

purpose unknown

107
Q

Locate and define:

skin

(anatomical terminology)

A

the layer of tissue between the body and the external environment

108
Q

Locate and define:

epidermis

(anatomical terminology)

A

the outer layer of skin

109
Q

Locate and define:

dermis

(anatomical terminology)

A

the inner (second) layer of skin

rich in blood vessels and nerves

found beneath the epidermis

110
Q

Define:

insulin

A

a hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many people with diabetes

helps break down glucose

111
Q

Define:

epinephrin

A

a hormone produced by the adrenal glands

it’s essentially adrenaline

112
Q

Locate and define:

kidneys

(anatomical terminology)

A

organs of the renal system used to filter blood and regulate fluid (pee) levels in the body

113
Q

Locate and define:

bladder

(anatomical terminology)

A

the round, saclike organ of the renal system used as a reservoir for urine

114
Q

Locate and define

ureter

A

the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder

115
Q

Locate and define:

testes

(anatomical terminology)

A

men’s balls

the male organs of reproduction used for the production of sperm and hormones

116
Q

Locate and define:

penis

(anatomical terminology)

A

the organ of male reproduction responsible for sexual intercourse and the transfer of sperm

117
Q

Locate and define:

ovaries

(anatomical terminology)

A

egg- and hormone-producing organs within the female reproductive system

118
Q

Locate and define:

uterus

(anatomical terminology)

A

female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus

119
Q

Locate and define:

vagina

(anatomical terminology)

A

the female organ of reproduction used both for sexual intercourse and as an exit from the uterus for the fetus

120
Q

Define:

hemoglobin

(anatomical terminology)

A

protien found in red blood cells which carries oxygen to (and CO₂ away from) cells

121
Q

Define and locate:

thyroid gland

(anatomical terminology)

A

gland at front of neck

aids in development of immune system

122
Q

Explain:

difference between ventilation and respiration

A

ventilation refers to intake of oxygen through breathing

respiration refers to distribution of oxygen to cells

123
Q

Describe:

number of cervical vertebrae

A

7

124
Q

Describe:

number of thoracic vertebrae

A

12

125
Q

Describe:

number of lumbar vertebrae

A

5

126
Q

Describe:

number of sacral vertebrae

A

5

127
Q

Describe:

number of coccyx vertebrae

A

4

128
Q

Fill in the blank:

The [BLANK] is the muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

A

The diaphragm is the muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

129
Q

Fill in the blank:

[BLANK] connect bone to bone.

[BLANK] connect bone to muscle.

A

Ligaments connect bone to bone.

Tendons connect bone to muscle.

130
Q

Fill in the blank:

Tendons connect [BLANK].

Ligaments connect [BLANK].

A

Tendons connect bone to muscle.

Ligaments connect bone to bone.

131
Q

Explain:

difference between ilium and ischium

A

ilium: superior and widest part of pelvis

ischium: pelvic floor

132
Q

Fill in the blank:

Epinepherin can be used to relieve severe allergic reactions because it is effective at [BLANK].

A

Epinepherin can be used to relieve severe allergic reactions because it is effective at dilating the respiratory passages.

133
Q

Fill in the blank:

Epinepherin can be used to [BLANK] because it is effective at dilating the respiratory passages.

A

Epinepherin can be used to treat severe allergic reactions because it is effective at dilating the respiratory passages.

134
Q

List:

major organs of RUQ

5 points

A
  • liver
  • right kidney
  • pancreas
  • gallbladder
  • large intestines (colon)
135
Q

List:

major organs of LUQ

6 points

A
  • liver
  • left kidney
  • spleen
  • pancreas
  • stomach
  • large intestines (colon)
136
Q

List:

major organs of RLQ

6 points

A
  • large intestines (colon)
  • small intestines
  • appendix
  • right kidney
  • ureter
  • major artery and vein to right leg
137
Q

List:

major organs of LLQ

5 points

A
  • left kidney
  • large intestines (colon)
  • small intestines
  • ureter
  • major artery and vein to left leg
138
Q

Choose:

The neurons that allow the brain to communicate with the body are contained within what structure?

A. The central spinal ligament

B. The vertebral canal

C. The vertebral body

D. The vertebral lamina

A

B

The spinal cord is the bundle of nerves that link the brain to every other component of the body. It is protected by the bones of the spine, known as the vertebrae (singular, vertebra). The vertebral canal is the circular hole in each vertebra that, collectively as a canal, allows vertical passage of the spinal cord. This is also commonly called the “spinal canal,” so think of the vertebral canal as the canal for the spinal cord. Do not confuse this with the neural foramen (plural, foramina), which is the passage of each spinal nerve emerging from the cord to the area of the body it innervates. These canals are oblique.

139
Q

Choose:

Which of the following anatomical structures is considered the division between the upper and lower respiratory tracts?

A. The Bronchi

B. The Larynx

C. The Trachea

D. The Oropharynx

A

B

The larynx, located just below the oropharynx is the point where the upper respiratory tract becomes the lower. The main difference is that the upper respiratory tract carries both food/fluid and air.

140
Q

Define:

axilla

A

the space below the shoulder through which vessels and nerves enter and leave the upper arm

your armpit

141
Q

Define and locate:

carina

A

ridge where bronchi branch to the left and right lungs

Emergency Medical Technician (41 decks)

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