Chapter 7 PPT Flashcards
Endocrine System
negative feedback system
thyroid gland
gonads
pancreas
adrenal glands
thyroid
regulate cell metabolic function
basal metabolic rate
hypothalamus( T3, T4)-TRH pituitary gland (T3, T4)-TSH thyroid gland (makes T3, T4)
Primary Hypothyroidism
thyroid
Secondary hypothyroidism
pituitary
Tertiary hypothyroidism
hypothalamus
Goiter
iodine rich diet
Hypothyroidism
clinical signs
lethargy, weight gain, alopecia, dry/scaly skin, bradycardia, heat seeking behavior, decreased estrous cycle, decrease growth young animals
Hypothyroidism
treatment
Synthetic T4-Levothyroxine
monitor T4 blood levels
return to euthyroid state will alter animal’s physiology (cats, kidneys)
Hyperthyroidism
excessive thyroid hormone production
Hyperthyroidism
clinical signs
increased activity, increased GI motility-diarrhea, weight loss despite polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, tachycardia and hypertension, heat intolerance
Hyperthyroidism treatments
surgical removal of tumor
radioactive iodine
Methimazole/carbimazole
iodine-limited diets
Endocrine pancreas
hormones
insulin
glucagon
somatostatin
Glucose function
normal function: move glucose from blood into tissue cells
lack of insulin=diabetes mellitus
hyperglycemia
glucosuria
Type 1
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
destruction or lack of function of pancreatic beta cells
typically occurs in dogs
Type 2
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
decreased effectiveness of insulin despite functional cells
typically occurs in cats
Insulin
protein molecule via injection measured in units per ML syringe calculated in units suspension-needs to resuspended before each withdrawal store at constant temperature
Vetsulin
porcine insulin zink suspension
recombinant human insulin
regular crystalline insulin NPH-neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin PZI-protamine zinc insulin Insulin glargine Insulin detemir
Drugs that alter insulin requirements
corticosteroids! thiazide diuretics phenothiazine tranquilizers progesterone epinephrine
Oral hypoglycemic agents
Glipizide
human product
infective-bad side effects-not recommended!
Estrous cycle: follicular phase
proestrus
estrus
Estrous cycle: luteal phase
diestrus/metestrus
anestrus
Reproductive Drugs
Gonadorelins
GnRH
stimulate relase of LH and FSH
approved short term use in cattle
Cystorelin
OvaCyst
lysis of persistent ovarian follicles or follicular cysts
Ovsynch
Co-Synch
timed artificial insemination protocols
bring entire group of cattle into estrus at same time
Gonadotropins:
hcG (human chorionic)
eCG(equine chorionic)
FSH and LH like
produce effects on gonads/ovaries/testicles
can be used in food animals induce superovulation
(less frequent usage these days)
Progestagens:
Altrenogest/Regu-Mate
Melegesterol acetate (MGA)
Controlled Internal Drug Relase (CIDR) apparatus
synthetic drug
used at different phases to prevent or time estrus
antagonistic effect on insulin receptor
increase risk for metritis or pyometra
absorbed through skin
Estrogen:
Estriol (Incurin)
urinary incontinence treatment
spayed dogs
Estrogen:
DES (diethylstilbestrol)
compounded
banned in food animals
human carcinogen
Estrogen: side effects
predispose to pyometra
aplastic anemia
Prostaglandins:
Lutalyse
ProstaMate
Estrumate
abortion in pregnant animals bronchoconstriction-heaves with horses vomiting-dogs and cats colic and sweating-horses absorbed through skin
Prevent Pregnancy
Megestrol acetate
Mibolerone (testosterone analog)
Terminate Pregnanacy
prostaglandins most effective
PgF
Oxytocine
uterine contractions for dystocia
milk letdown
expulsion of placental materials
