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Pharmacology > Chapter 6 Reading > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Reading Flashcards

1
Q

Upper respiratory tract-nose and nasal passages

A

sneezing

excessive mucous secretions

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2
Q

larynx, upper trachea, upper bronchial tree

A

coughing

laryngospasm

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3
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, larger bronchioles: mucociliary apparatus
mucociliary elevator

terminal bronchioles

alveoli: machrophages

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4
Q

protective mechanism and clinical disease

A

chronic dry cough=tracheal collapse

muscular changes in lungs=cor pulmonale

bronchoconstriction/asthma=hypoxia

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5
Q

coughing

A

coordinated by cough center/neuron cluster next to respiratory centers in medullary brainstem

larynx/pharynx stimulation=stimulation via vagus nerve/sudden gagging, violent retching cough

lower trachea and bronchi stimulation=deep, forceful cough, possible reflex bronchoconstriction

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6
Q

productive cough vs non productive cough

A

productive=wet, mucous

non productive=dry, hacking, early stages of infection or inflammation, chronic condition, dehydrated animal

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7
Q

antitussives

A

suppress coughing mechanism

local/cough drop not used in vet med

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8
Q

centrally acting

antitussives

A

suppress cough center neurons

treat non productive cough

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9
Q

Butorphanol

Torbutol

A

only FDA approved anti tussive

controlled substance level 4

suppress respiratory center in medulla

significant first pass effect for oral administration

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10
Q

Hydrocodone

Hycodan, Tussigon

A

antitussive
Mu agonist
human drug
controlled substance 3- often combined with acetometophine abused by humans

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11
Q

Codine

A

antitussive
weak mu agonist
controlled substance 2 or 3-abused by humans

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12
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

opiod derivative-non narcotic
common human OTC ingredient (robitussin)
not recommended for dogs
owners self medicate dogs

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13
Q

Reverse sneezing

A

caused by irritation in nasal cavity
often secondary to benign reaction
treat antihistamine or corticosteroids

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14
Q

mucolytics, expectorants, and decongestants

A

mucocililary apparatus: columnar epithelial cells with cilia, oropharynx

disease changes physiology

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15
Q

Mucolytics

A

break up mucous reduce its viscosity

use steam/humidifier or Acetylcysteine

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16
Q

Acetylcysteine

Mucomyst

A

PO or nebulizer

difficult to get patients to inhale deeply

know which form IV can be used to treat cats

17
Q

Expectorants

A

increase fluidity in mucus in respiratory tract

18
Q

Guaifenesin

A

and saline expectorants

stimulate PNS to create respiratory secretions (gastric mucosal irritation)

19
Q

Volatile oil expectorants

A

directly stimulate watery respiration secretions when inhaled
eucalyptus, oil, pine oil, terpin hydrate

not FDA approved

20
Q

Decongestants

A

not used in vet med but owners medicate OTC

21
Q

Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine

A

decongestants=reduce congestion of swollen nasal tissue via alpha 1 stimulated vasoconstriction

Have Beta 1 side effects

22
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

contraction of smooth muscles surrounding terminal bronchioles
alter balance between SNS and PNS-parasympathomimetic dominate
dyspnea

23
Q

B-adrenergic agonist bronchodilators

A

Beta 2 stimulation

24
Q

Albuterol, Terbutaline, Metaproterenol

A

B-adrenergic agonist bronchodilators

metered dose inhalers expensive first pas effect PO
small animal asthma and equine recurrent airway obstruction/COPD

25
Q

Methylxanthines

Theophylline, Aminophylline

A 
bronchodilators
Theophylline preferred
narrow therapeutic index in horses
may affect racing ability
metabolized by liver-may later metabolism of other drugs
26
Q

Antimicrobials

A

food animals-use small course first

equine-testing first

small animal-whatever owner says

usage based on bacterial presence and susceptibility may not be efficacious when given systematically

27
Q

Corticosteriods

A

treat inflammation

controversial but used for equine asthma syndrome, equine RAO

28
Q

antihistamines

A

allergic inflammation
horses with RAO
“stable cough”

29
Q

Diuretics

A

remove fluid from lungs

cardiogenic edema

30
Q

Oxygen

A

treatment of transient hypoxia

humidify to prevent excessive drying

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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