Chapter 6 Reading Flashcards
Upper respiratory tract-nose and nasal passages
sneezing
excessive mucous secretions
larynx, upper trachea, upper bronchial tree
coughing
laryngospasm
lower respiratory tract
trachea, larger bronchioles: mucociliary apparatus
mucociliary elevator
terminal bronchioles
alveoli: machrophages
protective mechanism and clinical disease
chronic dry cough=tracheal collapse
muscular changes in lungs=cor pulmonale
bronchoconstriction/asthma=hypoxia
coughing
coordinated by cough center/neuron cluster next to respiratory centers in medullary brainstem
larynx/pharynx stimulation=stimulation via vagus nerve/sudden gagging, violent retching cough
lower trachea and bronchi stimulation=deep, forceful cough, possible reflex bronchoconstriction
productive cough vs non productive cough
productive=wet, mucous
non productive=dry, hacking, early stages of infection or inflammation, chronic condition, dehydrated animal
antitussives
suppress coughing mechanism
local/cough drop not used in vet med
centrally acting
antitussives
suppress cough center neurons
treat non productive cough
Butorphanol
Torbutol
only FDA approved anti tussive
controlled substance level 4
suppress respiratory center in medulla
significant first pass effect for oral administration
Hydrocodone
Hycodan, Tussigon
antitussive
Mu agonist
human drug
controlled substance 3- often combined with acetometophine abused by humans
Codine
antitussive
weak mu agonist
controlled substance 2 or 3-abused by humans
Dextromethorphan
opiod derivative-non narcotic
common human OTC ingredient (robitussin)
not recommended for dogs
owners self medicate dogs
Reverse sneezing
caused by irritation in nasal cavity
often secondary to benign reaction
treat antihistamine or corticosteroids
mucolytics, expectorants, and decongestants
mucocililary apparatus: columnar epithelial cells with cilia, oropharynx
disease changes physiology
Mucolytics
break up mucous reduce its viscosity
use steam/humidifier or Acetylcysteine
Acetylcysteine
Mucomyst
PO or nebulizer
difficult to get patients to inhale deeply
know which form IV can be used to treat cats
Expectorants
increase fluidity in mucus in respiratory tract
Guaifenesin
and saline expectorants
stimulate PNS to create respiratory secretions (gastric mucosal irritation)
Volatile oil expectorants
directly stimulate watery respiration secretions when inhaled
eucalyptus, oil, pine oil, terpin hydrate
not FDA approved
Decongestants
not used in vet med but owners medicate OTC
Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine
decongestants=reduce congestion of swollen nasal tissue via alpha 1 stimulated vasoconstriction
Have Beta 1 side effects
Bronchoconstriction
contraction of smooth muscles surrounding terminal bronchioles
alter balance between SNS and PNS-parasympathomimetic dominate
dyspnea
B-adrenergic agonist bronchodilators
Beta 2 stimulation
Albuterol, Terbutaline, Metaproterenol
B-adrenergic agonist bronchodilators
metered dose inhalers expensive first pas effect PO
small animal asthma and equine recurrent airway obstruction/COPD
Methylxanthines
Theophylline, Aminophylline
bronchodilators Theophylline preferred narrow therapeutic index in horses may affect racing ability metabolized by liver-may later metabolism of other drugs
Antimicrobials
food animals-use small course first
equine-testing first
small animal-whatever owner says
usage based on bacterial presence and susceptibility may not be efficacious when given systematically
Corticosteriods
treat inflammation
controversial but used for equine asthma syndrome, equine RAO
antihistamines
allergic inflammation
horses with RAO
“stable cough”
Diuretics
remove fluid from lungs
cardiogenic edema
Oxygen
treatment of transient hypoxia
humidify to prevent excessive drying
