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EMT Knowledge > Chapter 7: Pharmacology > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define

Agonist

A

A medication that binds and stimulates receptors

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2
Q

Define

Antagonist

A

A medication that binds and blocks receptors

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3
Q

Define

Action

A

The therapeutic effect of a medication. The intended effect.

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4
Q

Define

Unintended side effects

A

Undesirable side effects that pose little threat to the pt

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5
Q

Define

Untoward side effects

A

Effects that can be harmful to the pt.

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6
Q

Define

What are the two main routes of administration?

A

Enteral and parenteral

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7
Q

Define

Enteral medications

A

Enter the body through the digestive system

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8
Q

Define

Parenteral medications

A

Enter the body through a route other than the GI tract.

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9
Q

Define

Route: PR

A
  • Per rectum
  • Usually used for pt’s for which PO won’t work, like children and unconscious pt’s
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10
Q

Define

Route: PO

A
  • Per Os (mouth)
  • Often takes 1 hr, unpredictable absorption because of vomiting and diarrhea
  • e.g. activated charcoal
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11
Q

Define

Route: IV

A
  • Intravenous
  • Fastest delivery, but not appropriate for all medications
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12
Q

Define

Route: IO

A
  • Intraosseous
  • Like IV, but often in children who have fewer IV sites
  • Because of pain, usually used with unconscious pt’s.
  • FAST
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13
Q

Define

Route: SC (SubQ)

A
  • Subcutaneous
  • Less vasculature than muscle, so slower absorption and longer lasting effect.
  • SLOW
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14
Q

Define

Route: IM

A
  • Intramuscular
  • Absorbed quickly because muscle is highly vascularized
  • Sometimes uneven or unreliable esp. in people with poor perfusion.
  • FAST
  • e.g. epinepherine
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15
Q

Define

Route: Inhalation

A
  • FAST
  • Sometimes used for quick absorption, other times for targeting medication to the lung, minimizes medications effect in other areas.
  • e.g. bronchodilators in MDIs (Metered Dose Inhalers)
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16
Q

Define

Route: SL

A
  • Sublingual
  • e.g. nitroglycerin
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17
Q

Define

Route: Transcutaneous

A
  • Across the skin
  • Longer effect because of slow absorption
  • SLOW
  • For systemic effects
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18
Q

Define

Route: IN

A
  • Intranasal
  • FAST
  • Using MAD (mucosal atomizer device)
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19
Q

List

Forms of medication

A
  • Tablets and capsules
  • Solutions and suspensions
  • MDIs (metered dose inhalers)
  • Topical
  • Transcutaneous (nicotine patch)
  • Gels, in capsules or in tubes like oral glucose.
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20
Q

List

The 6 “rights” of medication

A
  • Right patient
  • Right medication
  • Right dose
  • Right route
  • Right time
  • Right documentation
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21
Q

List

Medications that may be administered by EMTs

A
  • Oxygen
  • Oral glucose
  • Activated charcoal
  • Aspirin
  • Epinepherine auto-injector
  • MDI medications
  • Nitroglycerin
22
Q

How to administer

Oral Glucose

A
  • PO
  • Smear on gums
  • Contraindications: inability to swallow (unconscious pt)
23
Q

Trade name

Acetaminophen

A

Tylenol

24
Q

Trade Name

Activated charcoal

A

Actidose with Sorbitol

25
Q

Trade name

Aspirin

A

Bayer

26
Q

Trade name

Albuterol

A

Proventil, Ventolin

27
Q

Trade name

Diphenhydramine

A

Benadryl

28
Q

Trade name

Epinephrine

A

EpiPen

29
Q

Trade name

Ibuprofen

A

Advil, Motrin, Nuprin

30
Q

Trade name

Nitroglycerin

A

Nitrostat

31
Q

Trade name

Oral glucose

A

Glutose

32
Q

Generic name

Tylenol

A

Acetaminophen

33
Q

Generic name

Actidose with Sorbitol

A

Activated charcoal

34
Q

Generic name

Bayer

A

Aspirin

35
Q

Generic name

Proventil, Ventolin

A

Albuterol

36
Q

Generic name

Benadryl

A

Diphenhydramine

37
Q

Generic name

EpiPen

A

Epinephrine

38
Q

Generic name

Advil, Motrin, Nuprin

A

Ibuprofen

39
Q

Generic name

Nitrostat

A

Nitroglycerin

40
Q

Generic name

Glutose

A

Oral glucose

41
Q

Action, Indications, Contraindications, Routes, Side Effects, Interactions, Dose, Concerns

Activated Charcoal

A
  • Absorbs toxic substances in GI tract
  • I: Most oral poisonings; overdose
  • CI: Decreased LOC, overdose of corrosives, caustics, or petroleum substances (burned esophagus)
  • R: PO
  • SE: Nausea, vomiting, constipation, black stool
  • Int: Bonds with and inactivates most medications
  • D: 1-2 g/kg
  • Concerns: Stains; pour into covered cup w straw (looks nasty)
42
Q

Action, Indications, Contraindications, Routes, Side Effects, Interactions, Dose, Concerns

Acetaminophen

A
  • Analgesic and antifever
  • I: mild pain or fever, headache, muscle aches
  • CI: hypersensitivity
  • R: PO
  • SE: allergic reactions
  • D: 500-1000 mg every 4 hrs as needed, children are weight dependent
43
Q

Action, Indications, Contraindications, Routes, Side Effects, Interactions, Dose, Concerns

Aspirin

A
  • anti-inflammatory and anti-fever; prevents platelet aggregation (prevents clotting)
  • I: mild pain, headache, muscle ache; chest pain when considering MI
  • CI: hypersensitivity, recent bleeding
  • R: PO
  • SE: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, bleeding, allergic rxn
  • Int: Caution with pt’s on anticoagulants
  • D: 160-325 mg (chewables for chest pain)
  • Concerns: not for pain caused by trauma of for fevers in children
44
Q

Action, Indications, Contraindications, Routes, Side Effects, Interactions, Dose, Concerns

Albuterol

A
  • bronchodilation
  • I: asthma, difficulty breathing with wheezing
  • CI: hypersensitivity, tachycardia, MI
  • R: MDI/inhalation
  • SE: hypertension, tachycardia, anxiety, restlessness
  • Int: increases effects of other nervous system stimulants
  • D: 1 to 2 inhalations. Wait 5 min before repeating dose
  • Concerns: Pt must inhale med in 1 breath, hold breath for 5 s after inhalation
45
Q

Action, Indications, Contraindications, Routes, Side Effects, Interactions, Dose, Concerns

Diphenhydramine

A
  • Antihistamine
  • I: mild allergic reactions
  • CI: asthma, glaucoma, pregnancy, hypertension, infants
  • R: PO
  • SE: sleepiness, dry mouth and throat
  • Int: not with alcohol or MAO inhibitors (psych meds)
  • D: 25-50 mg
  • Concerns: can use in anaphylaxis, epinephrine used first
46
Q

Action, Indications, Contraindications, Routes, Side Effects, Interactions, Dose, Concerns

Epinephrine

A
  • Stimulates sympathetic nervous system causing bronchodilation
  • I: anaphylaxis
  • CI: MI, hypothermia, hypertension
  • R: IM
  • SE: hypertension, tachycardia, anxiety, restlessness
  • Int: increases effect of other stimulants
  • D: 0.3 mg adult, 0.15 mg child auto injector
  • Concerns: lasts 5 min, do not repeat dose, immediately call ALS
47
Q

Action, Indications, Contraindications, Routes, Side Effects, Interactions, Dose, Concerns

Ibuprofen

A
  • NSAID that reduces inflammation and fever, analgesic
  • I: mild pain or fever, headache, muscle ache
  • CI: hypersensitivity
  • R: PO
  • SE: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, bleeding, allergic rxn
  • Int: do not take with aspirin
  • D: 200-400 mg every 4-6 hrs, children based on weight
  • Concerns: not for pain caused by trauma
48
Q

Action, Indications, Contraindications, Routes, Side Effects, Interactions, Dose, Concerns

Nitroglycerin

A
  • vasodilator
  • I: chest pain from MI or angina
  • CI: hypotension (<100 mm Hg), having taken Viagra or other ED med in last 24 hrs, head injury
  • R: SL/spray
  • SE: headache, burning under tongue, nausea, hypotension
  • Int: increases dilating effects of other vasodilators
  • D: 0.3-0.4 mg SL; 0.4 mg spray
  • Concerns: call ALS immediately
49
Q

Action, Indications, Contraindications, Routes, Side Effects, Interactions, Dose, Concerns

Oral glucose

A
  • gives cells glucose for energy
  • I: hypoglycemia
  • CI: decreased LOC, nausea, vomiting
  • R: PO
  • SE: nausea, vomiting
  • Int: none
  • D: 1/2 to 1 tube
  • Concerns: pt must have control of airway, be awake, able to follow commands
50
Q

Action, Indications, Contraindications, Routes, Side Effects, Interactions, Dose, Concerns

Oxygen

A
  • Reverses hypoxia
  • I: hypoxia or suspected hypoxia
  • CI: very rarely in pt’s with COPD
  • R: inhalation
  • SE: decreased respiratory effort in rare cases with COPD pt’s
  • Concerns: never withhold from pt’s in respiratory distress
51
Q

List

Steps in administering medication

A
  1. obtain order from med control
  2. verify proper med and prescription
  3. verify form, dose, route
  4. check expiration date and condition of med
  5. reassess vitals at least every 5 min
  6. document

EMT Knowledge (22 decks)

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