Chapter 7- Organic pathways

Question 1

Fermentation reaction

Answer 1

Anaerobic chemical reaction used by yeast organisms to obtain their energy; sugars are broken down into carbon dioxide and ethanol (commonly known as alcohol)

Question 2

Fatty acid

Answer 2

Carboxylic acid that has a ‘tail’ of three or more carbon atoms

Question 3

Ester link

Answer 3

Another name for the ester functional group; it is produced during a condensation reaction between an -OH group (hydroxyl functional group) on one molecule and a -COOH group (carboxyl functional group) on another molecule

Question 4

Ester family

Answer 4

Set of organic compounds that contain the ester group; lower molecular mass esters generally have pleasant odours

Question 5

Ester functional group

Answer 5

the -O-CO- or -COO- group that is found in organic families such as esters, polyesters and triglycerides (fats and oils)

Question 6

Esterification reaction

Answer 6

A condensation reaction between two organic molecules in which an ester is produced

Question 7

Catalyst

Answer 7

Substance that speeds up a chemical process without being consumed; it alters the mechanism of the reaction by providing an alternative pathway that has lower activation energy, and is regenerated by the end of the reaction

Question 8

Condensation reaction

Answer 8

Reaction in which two organic molecules join as a result of interaction between a functional group on each molecule, which results in the release of a small molecule as the link between the molecules forms; typically the small molecule released is water

Question 9

Condensation polymerisation

Answer 9

Process in which condensation reactions occur between many small molecules that have at least two functional groups; long chains of these molecules steadily build up to form a polymer that is held together by links such as an ester link, peptide link, ether link or amide link

Question 10

Condensation polymer

Answer 10

Polymer that is formed by a condensation polymerisation reaction between monomers that contain at least two functional gorups

Question 11

Activation complex

Answer 11

Intermediate particle produced when bonds are broken in the reactants during a chemical reaction; this particle is formed as a result of successful collision between reactant particles

Question 12

Addition polymer

Answer 12

Polymer that is formed by an addition polymerisation reaction between monomers that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond

Question 13

Addition polymerisation

Answer 13

Process in which monomers containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond are joined together by addition reactions to form a polymer

Question 14

Addition reaction

Answer 14

Chemical reaction in which two or more molecules join together to form a product that contains all of the original atoms; unsaturated hydrocarbons typically undergo this type of reaction

Question 15

Halogenation

Answer 15

Replacement of one or more atoms in an organic compound with a halogen atom- that is, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.

Question 16

Hydrogenation reaction

Answer 16

Addition of hydrogen atoms to a double bond, for example, of an alkene

Question 17

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 17

Chemical reaction in which water is a reactant

Question 18

Substitution reaction

Answer 18

Reaction in which one or more atoms or a molecule are replaced with different atoms

Question 19

Trigylcerides

Answer 19

Organic family of large molecules that are produced as a result of a condensation reaction between glycerol and three fatty acids. The glycerol molecule forms the backbone of these molecules, which each contain three ester links. Triglycerides that are solid at room temperature are commonly called fats and those that are liquid at room temperature are commonly called oils

Question 20

Reaction mechanism

Answer 20

The set of successive steps that actually occur during a chemical reaction

Question 21

Polymers (giant molecule)

Answer 21

Natural or synthetic compound of high molecular mass consisting of up to millions of repeated linked units, each formed from a relatively light and simple molecule known as a monomer; the structure is held together by covalent bonding

Question 22

Monomer

Answer 22

Small molecules that link together to form a long chain of repeating units (a polymer); must have at least one double bond or at least two reactive functional groups

Question 23

Inorganic compound

Answer 23

Compound that is not organic

Question 24

Intermediate product

Answer 24

Product formed in one of the in-between stages of a chemical reaction