Chapter 7- Organic pathways Flashcards
Fermentation reaction
Anaerobic chemical reaction used by yeast organisms to obtain their energy; sugars are broken down into carbon dioxide and ethanol (commonly known as alcohol)
Fatty acid
Carboxylic acid that has a ‘tail’ of three or more carbon atoms
Ester link
Another name for the ester functional group; it is produced during a condensation reaction between an -OH group (hydroxyl functional group) on one molecule and a -COOH group (carboxyl functional group) on another molecule
Ester family
Set of organic compounds that contain the ester group; lower molecular mass esters generally have pleasant odours
Ester functional group
the -O-CO- or -COO- group that is found in organic families such as esters, polyesters and triglycerides (fats and oils)
Esterification reaction
A condensation reaction between two organic molecules in which an ester is produced
Catalyst
Substance that speeds up a chemical process without being consumed; it alters the mechanism of the reaction by providing an alternative pathway that has lower activation energy, and is regenerated by the end of the reaction
Condensation reaction
Reaction in which two organic molecules join as a result of interaction between a functional group on each molecule, which results in the release of a small molecule as the link between the molecules forms; typically the small molecule released is water
Condensation polymerisation
Process in which condensation reactions occur between many small molecules that have at least two functional groups; long chains of these molecules steadily build up to form a polymer that is held together by links such as an ester link, peptide link, ether link or amide link
Condensation polymer
Polymer that is formed by a condensation polymerisation reaction between monomers that contain at least two functional gorups
Activation complex
Intermediate particle produced when bonds are broken in the reactants during a chemical reaction; this particle is formed as a result of successful collision between reactant particles
Addition polymer
Polymer that is formed by an addition polymerisation reaction between monomers that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond
Addition polymerisation
Process in which monomers containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond are joined together by addition reactions to form a polymer
Addition reaction
Chemical reaction in which two or more molecules join together to form a product that contains all of the original atoms; unsaturated hydrocarbons typically undergo this type of reaction
Halogenation
Replacement of one or more atoms in an organic compound with a halogen atom- that is, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
Hydrogenation reaction
Addition of hydrogen atoms to a double bond, for example, of an alkene
Hydrolysis reaction
Chemical reaction in which water is a reactant
Substitution reaction
Reaction in which one or more atoms or a molecule are replaced with different atoms
Trigylcerides
Organic family of large molecules that are produced as a result of a condensation reaction between glycerol and three fatty acids. The glycerol molecule forms the backbone of these molecules, which each contain three ester links. Triglycerides that are solid at room temperature are commonly called fats and those that are liquid at room temperature are commonly called oils
Reaction mechanism
The set of successive steps that actually occur during a chemical reaction
Polymers (giant molecule)
Natural or synthetic compound of high molecular mass consisting of up to millions of repeated linked units, each formed from a relatively light and simple molecule known as a monomer; the structure is held together by covalent bonding
Monomer
Small molecules that link together to form a long chain of repeating units (a polymer); must have at least one double bond or at least two reactive functional groups
Inorganic compound
Compound that is not organic
Intermediate product
Product formed in one of the in-between stages of a chemical reaction
