Chapter 6- Organic families Flashcards
alcohol family
Set of organic compounds that contain the hydroxyl functional group
alkane family
Set of saturated hydrocarbons in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds; all the members of this family have the general molecular formula CnH(2n+2)
alkanols
A name given by some chemists to those alcohols that have derived from alkanes; not a name adopted by IUPAC
alkene family
Set of hydrocarbons in which two of the carbon atoms are joined by a double covalent bond and all other carbons are joined by single covalent bonds; these are unsaturated hydrocarbons of the general formula CnH2n
alkyl group
Group of atoms derived from an alkane that is attached to the main chain of a molecule of an organic compound. It contains one less hydrogen atom than its parent alkane and has the general formula CnH(2n+1)
amine family
Set of organic compounds that contain the amino functional group and have the general formula RNH2 where “R” is an alkyl group.
amino functional group
The -NH2 functional group, which is present in organic families such as the amines and amino acids
organic family
Set of organic compounds that have very similar properties because they have particular functional groups present and hence similar, related structures
functional group
Special atom or group of atoms present in the molecules of a number of families of organic compounds, which is attached to or inserted between the carbon atoms and which causes the molecules to exhibit particular properties; one example is the OH (hydroxyl) group present in the family of alcohols
Hydrocarbon
Organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
Homologous series
Series of organic compounds that have the same structural features and in which the formula of each molecule in the family differs from the previous member by the addition of CH2
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water (water loving)
Hydrophobic
More attracted to like particles than to water molecules and so tends to be immiscible with water (water hating)
Electronegativity
Measure of the electron-attracting power of an atom; it is deduced from the strength of bonding present in its compounds
Dispersion forces
Electrostatic forces of attraction which act between instantaneous dipoles present on adjacent molecules; weak, non-directional intermolecular bonding also known as Van der Waal’s forces
Density
Mass of a given unit volume of a substance, usually measured in grams per cubic centimetre (g cm^-3)
Non polar
Description of a molecule that has no permanent build-up of charge in any region, because it is symmetrical or composed of atoms identical or almost the same electronegativity; these molecules are not affected by an electric field. Hydrocarbons are examples of non-polar compounds
Carboxylic acid family
Set of organic compounds that contains the carboxyl functional group and has the general formula RCOOH, where R is a hydrocarbon group
Carboxylic functional group
the -COOH group present in certain families of organic compounds, such as carboxylic acids and amino acids
Chloroalkane family
Set of organic compounds in wihch all carbon-carbon bonds are single that contains the chloro functional group
Chloro functional group
the -Cl functional group that is present in families of organic compounds such as the chloroalkanes
Saturated compound
Organic compound in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.
Semi-structural formula
Molecular formula that indicates the sequence of atoms along a carbon chain, and which also shows the atoms that are attached to them
Side group
Groups of atoms, such as a CH3 group, which are attached to the main chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
Straight chain isomer
Structural isomer of an organic compound that has no side groups
Structural isomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but a different spatial arrangement of the atoms and hence different properties
Systematic name
Name of a compound that has been determined by using systematic nomencluture
Systematic nomecluture
Systematic naming system for naming the different structural isomers or members of different organic families
Branched-chain isomers
Structural isomer of an organic compound that has one or more side groups (such as a methyl group) attached to the main chain
Hydroxyl functional group
the -OH group present in certain organic families such as the alcohols
Immiscible
Description of two liquids that do not mix and instead form two separate layers; an example is oil and water
Instantaneous dipole
Molecule in which there are regions where there is a momentary build-up of minute positive or negative charges caused by the rapid movement of electrons
Unsaturated (compound)
Organic compound that contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond
Viscosity
Ability of a fluid to resist flowing
Viscous
Describes a liquid that flows very slowly
