chapter 7 notes from the book Flashcards
capacity of an infant that is inborn or biolgically based
innate ability
the developmental period before birth
prenatal period
a fertilized egg
zygote
in humnas, the name for the devloping organism during the first 8 weeks after conception
embryo
term for the developing organism between the embryonic stage and birth
fetus
the organ interface between the embryo or fetus and the mother. the______ separates the bloodstreams, but it allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products
placenta
substances from the environment, including viruses, drugs, and other chemicals, that can damage the developing organism during the prenatal period
teratogen
common teratogens
nicotine and alcohol
a set of physial and mental problems seen in children whose mothers drink excessive amounts of alcohol during pregnancy
Fetal alcohol syndrome
in humans, thiss period extends through the first month of birth
neonatal
infants usually _____ other people’s actions
mimic
the imitation of other people’s behaviors
mimicry
the close coordination between the gazing, vocalizing, touching, and smiling of infants and caregivers
synchronicity
refelexcive response present at birth
innate reflex
_____ pans the time bewteen the end of the neonatal period and the establishment of language. 18 months - 2 years
infancy
a primitive form of learning in which some young animals follow and form an attatchment to the first moving object they see or hear
imprinting
attachment style of children who are relaxed and comfortable with their caregivers and tolerant of strangers
secure attachment
a common pattern of distress seen in young children when separated from caregivers
separation anxiety
child wants contact with caregiver, shows distress when separated from caregiver, and is difficult to console when the caregiver is back
anxious ambivalent attachment
child shows no intrest in contact with the caregiver and is neither distress when separated or happiness when reunited
avoidant attachment
the production of repetitive syllables
babbling
a meaningful unit of language that makes up words. some whole words are ______
morphemes
example of a morpheme
word
the global term for the development of thought process from childhood trhough adulthood
cognitive devlopment
piaget made a _____ stage process over cognitive devlopment
4
a mental process that incorporates new information into existing schemas
assimilation
a mental process that modifies schemas in order to include or accomade new information
accomodation
4 stages of piaget’s theory
sensorimotor stage
preoperational stage
concrete operational stage
formal operational stage
the ability to ofrm mmetnal images of objects and events
mental representation
the inability to realize that there are other viewpoints besides one’s own
egocentrism
the knoledge that objects exist independently of one’s actions or awareness
object permanence
an individual’s characteristic manner of behavior or reation
temperament
the lifelong processo f shaping an indiviuals values based on society
socialization
in erikson’s theory, ____ is the major development task of the second stage in childhood. achieving ____ involves developing a sense of independence, as opposed to being plagued by self-doubt
autonomy
the 3 main branches of kohlbergs moral reasoning
preconventional
convetional
post conventional
kohlbergs moral reasoning stage of preconventional consists of
avoiding pain/ getting caught
mutual benefit
kohlbergs moral reasoning stage of conventional conssits of
gaining acceptance/ avoiding dissaproval
follow rules/ avoiding penalties
kohlbergs moral reasoning stage of postconventional
promoting welfare of society
achieve justice
