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Pathology > Chapter 7 Neoplasia > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Neoplasia Flashcards

Definitions and identification

1
Q

growth fraction

A

portion of tumor cells actively proliferating

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2
Q

metastasis

A

invasion of lymphatics, blood vessels or body cavities

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3
Q

tumor capsule

A

a surrounding rim of condensed connective tissue

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4
Q

3 routes of cancer dissemination

A

1) seeding of body cavities and surfaces - dispersion into another cavity eg. ovarian carcinoma to abdominal viscera
2) lymphatic spread - from metastasis or reactive hyperplasia
3) Hematogenous spread - typical of sarcomas, veins more than arteries

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5
Q

features of neoplasms

A

1) variation in shape and size of cells 2) approach a 1:1 nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio 3) abundant or atypical mitoses 4) loss of polarity 5) tumor giant cells, single polyploid nuclei or multiple nuclei 6) Ischemic necrosis

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6
Q

3 categories of genetic pre-disposition of cancer

A

1) Autosomal dominant inherited cancers 2) Defective DNA repair syndromes 3) Familial Cancers

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7
Q

Autosomal Dominant Inherited Cancers

A

characterized by single mutant gene, usually point mutation in one allele of a tumor suppressor gene usually develop in a specific kind of tissue

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8
Q

Defective DNA repair syndromes

A

typically autosomal recessive example of autosomal dominant is HNPCC hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, resulting from inactivation of DNA mismatch repair gene

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9
Q

Malignant characteristicss

A

lack differentiation erratic rate of growth invasive of surrounding tissue frequent metastasis

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10
Q

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome

A

mutation to p-53 gene

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11
Q

Regulatory genes that can result in cancer if damaged

A

proto-onco genes tumor suppressor genes apoptosis genes DNA repair genes

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12
Q

7 changes in cell physiology that determine malignancy

A

1) self sufficienct growth
2) lack of growth inhibition
3) Evasion of apoptosis
4) Limitless replication
5) Sustained angiogenesis
6) Ability to invade and metastasize
7) Defective DNA repair

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13
Q

C-myc

A

oncogene associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma

transcription factor, nuclear regulatory protein

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14
Q

bcl-2

A

oncogene associated with follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas

Inhibits apoptosis

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15
Q

RAS

A

oncogene associated with many cancers

point mutations here are most common abnormality of proto-oncogenes

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16
Q

Rb

A

tumor suppressor gene

associated with Retinoblastoma, and osteosarcoma

its product blocks G1—->S phase of cell cycle

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17
Q

p53

A

Tumor suppressor gene associated with most human cancers

its gene product blocks G1—>S phase of cell cycle (allows time for repair of DNA)

induces p21 (cell cycle inhibitor)

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18
Q

BRCA1

A

Tumpr suppressor gene associated with breast and ovarian cancer

its gene product is responsible for DNA repair protein

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19
Q

BRCA2

A

Tumor suppressor gene associated with breast cancer

Its gene product is responsible for DNA repair

20
Q

ABL

A

Translocation btw 9 & 22

oncogene associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

its gene product is tyrosine kinase (non-receptor)

21
Q

senescence

A

permanent exit of cell cycle

22
Q

quiescence

A

temporary exit of cell cycle

23
Q

RB protein

A

Key component in cell cycle decision point (enter cell cycle, exit and differentiate, or die)

hypophosphorylated - remains on EG2F and blocks S phase genes, blocks transcription—> cell cycle stops

hyperphosphorylated - released E2F, S phase gene activated, transcription activated —> cell cycle continues

24
Q

What are the key regulators of cell cycle control that are dysregulated in the vast majority of human cancers?

A

p16 / INK4a

cyclin D

CDK4

RB

25
Q

KRAS

Mode of activation

associated tumors

A

point mutation

Colon, Lung, Pancreatic tumors

26
Q

HRAS

A

caused by point mutation

Bladder and Kidney tumors

27
Q

NRAS

A

caused by point mutation

melanomas, hematologic malignancies

28
Q

C-MYC

A

caused by Translocation

Burkitt’s lymphoma

29
Q

N-MYC

A

caused by amplification

neuroblastoma, small-cell carcinoma of the lung

30
Q

L-MYC

A

caused by amplification

small cell carcinoma of the lung

31
Q

Metal smelting

animal dips

electrical & semiconductor

medications, herbicides, fungicides

A

arsenic & arsenic compounds

cancers of the Lung, skin, hemangiosarcoma

32
Q

Asbestos

A

cancers of the lung, mesothelioma, GI tract

esophagus, stomach, large intestine

33
Q

Benzene

principal component in light oil

in printing, lithography, paint, rubber, dry cleaning, adhesives, coating

A

leukemia

Hodgkin lymphoma

34
Q

beryllium

used in missle fuel & space vehicles

aerospace & nuclear reactors

A

Lung cancer

35
Q

cadmium

yellow pigments, phosphors

found in solders, batteries & as alloy

metal platings & coatings

A

Prostate cancer

36
Q

nickel compounds

ceramics, stainless steel arc welding

A

nose & lung cancers

37
Q

vinyl chloride

refrigerant, monomer of vinyl polymers

plastic adhesives, aerosol propellant

A

Angiosarcoma, Liver cancer

38
Q

TGF-beta

A

mutational inactivation of SMAD4 is common in pancreatic cancers

atleast one component of TGF-beta is mutated in 100% of pancreatic and 83% of colon cancers

39
Q

APC

A

adenomatous polyposis coli gene

mutations in germ line 5q21 loci associated w/ familial adenomatous polyposis

colon polyp development in teens & 20’s

component of WNT signal path

ubiquinates beta-catenin

40
Q

beta-catenin

A

down regulated by APC

mutations present in 50% hepatoblastomas & 20% hepatocellular carcinoma

associated with cell adhesion of E-cadherin

contact growth inhibition

41
Q

TGF-beta receptor gene

A

functions in growth inhibition

associated w/ colon cancer

42
Q

NF1 gene

A

inhibition of Ras signal transduction and p21 cell cycle inhibitor

associated w/ neuroblastomas

Neurofibratosis type1 & sarcomas

43
Q

NF2 gene

A

cytoskeletal stability

Schwannomas & meningiomas

Neurofibramatosis type 2

acoustic schwannomas & meningiomas

44
Q

PTEN gene

A

PI3 kinase signal transduction

endometrial & prostate cancers w/ somatic mutations

Cowden syndrome w/ inherited mutations

45
Q

P16/INK4a

A

Regulates cell cycle by inhibition of CDK’s

somatic mutations associated w/ pancreatic, breast, & esophageal cancers

inherited mutations associated w/ malignant melanoma

46
Q

SMAD2 & SMAD4

A

signal transduction of TGF-beta

somatic mutations associated w/ colon & pancreatic tumors

Pathology (5 decks)

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