chapter 7- NCD Flashcards by Francesca maria

what is the most common cause of death in older adults in all parts of the world?

NCDs

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which country has the highest % of communicable disease deaths > 60?

SIerra Leone

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which countries have the highest % of noncommunicable disease deaths > 60?

Poland, china, and USA

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> 1/3 of older adults (both men and women) die of ____

CVD (MI, stroke, or complications of these)

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what is atherosclerosis?

walls of arteries thicken + harden → narrow artery → limits blood supply passing through

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what is coronary artery disease?

atherschelosis in vessels supplying blood to heart

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which strokes are more common- ischemic or hemorrhagic?

ischemic

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what are stroke symptoms?

weakness. confusion, trouble speaking or understanding, vision disturbances, loss of balance, severe headache

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what does unmanaged htn put you at risk for?

stroke Also inc risk of HF, KF, aneurysms + blindness

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what is the most significant predictor of CVD?

increasing age

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why does lower SE status inc risk of CVD?

less favourable modifiable risk factors

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1 in __ adults die of CA worldwide?

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what is apoptosis?

programmed cell death (occurs if mutations or other damage occur + cell can’t be repaired) – this is normal, CA cells are different and undergo uncontrolled reproduction

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what is the most significant risk factor for CA?

age

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what are the most common CA in men?

lung > liver > stomach > colon/rectum > esophagus

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what are the most common CA in women?

breast > cervical > colon/rectum > lung > stomach

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what are the most common causes of death d/t CA in women?

beast, lung, cervix, colon/rectum + stomach but dependent on region. Cervical CA deaths much more common in low income as don’t have routine Pap + HPV vaccine

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do more people develop CA in high or low income countries?

high income because they generally live longer

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are mortality rates d/t CA in high income countries higher or lower?

higher because populations are so much greater in low income countries so overall more deaths in low income

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what is the % of older adults that die of COPD?

10%

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what is COPD?

o Progressive thickening + narrowing of airways occurs w inflm + excess production of mucus – this process causes chronic bronchitis

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what is this: airways sensitive to exposures (pollutants, cold air, stress)

asthma

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is COPD reversibl?

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common risk factors for COPD?

smoke, air pollution, industrial chemicals

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COPD mortality rates are highest where?

india> china >sierra leona > kenya

what are some signs of the onset of diabetes?

polyuria, polydispsia, polyphagiea, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, frequent slow healing infections

failure to control BG in Diabetes leads to ?

retinopathy (blindness), neuropathy, kidney failure, foot ulcers

where is the highest proportion of population w diabetes?

USA > Poland > South Korea> India> Brazil

how many people in the world are blind or have limited vision?

>300 million

what are some of the causes of sensory impairment?

cataracts (lense becomes cloudy), glaucoma (loss of peripheral vision d/t elevated pressure in the eyeball), age-related macular degeneration (causes loss of central vision), chronic disease (ex: diabetes) + infections

how many people are deaf or hard of hearing?

>250 million

what is presbycusis?

age related hearing loss, often difficult to hear higher frequencies

what is damaged in your ears after hearing loud sounds?

sterocilia

vision and hearing disorders responsible for __% of disability experienced by adults >60 years

10%

what can cause a disability for someone?

• D/t arthritis, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, nerous system disorders, intellectual or cognitive impairments, and sensory impairments

disability is both a health condition and a ____

social context (need to consider personal, societal, environmental factors when looking at limitations

what is the best way to measure disability? or one good way

asking how much fx impairment is caused by the disability

what are examples of ADLS and IADLS?

* ADLS: dressing, eating, ambulating, toileting, hygiene | * IADLS (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living) = shopping, housekeeping, accounting, food prep, transportation –

are disabled people more likely to live in poverty or not? why or why not?

poverty bc often denied access to education, employment and public services

what is another measure of disability?

environment and resources available for person with the impairment

3rd way to measure disability?

duration of the impairment

what is dementia?

• Memory loss combined with impaired judgement, personality changes, inappropriate behavior, difficulty w language and/or confusion

what is the most common form of dementia? caused by?

Alzeimer’s – anatomical changes incl formation of beta-amyloid plaques + neurofibrillary tangles

___of disability in >60 years d/t dementia?

5-10%

how many adults have dementia?

>35 million

what does sensitivity mean? (in re:screening)

proportion of people who have disease who tested positive for the disease

what does specificity mean? (in re:screening)

proportion of people who are free of disease and test negative for it

test for screening is considered to be reliable if has sensitivity of at least __% and specify of at least __%

95%, 80%

what is positive predictive value (PPV)

proportion of people who test positive who truly have the disease

what is negative predictive value (NPV)

proportion of people who test negative that truly don’t have the disease

PPV and NPV depend on what?

the prevalence of the disease in the pop being tested

why would it be difficult to test PPV and NPV for something like HTN?

because does not have definitive cut offs and can range so screening test does best to find at what point it is considered a risk

where would screening be common in low income countries?

pregnant women and children

what is a population pyramid?

displays number of males and females by age group in population

what do low income countries pyramids look like?

typically have a wide base (lots of children) that gradually narrows. usually concerned w pop growth and encouraging dec fertility rates

what do high income pyramids look like?

often looks more like a cube. Face shrinking population size + are concerned w who will care for aging population as ratio of older adults increases

what is the aging index?

usually calculated as # of people >65 for every 100 children under age of 15 – higher index means aging population

what is the dependency ratio?

social support ratio; indicates # of dependent children + older people for every person of working age (often defined as people ages 15 through 64)

what is the elderly support ratio?

= # of peoples ages 15-64 for every 100 people ages 65+

who are the gaining index, dependency ratio and elderly support ratio helpful for?

helpful for social service providers + policymakers to understand current needs of the population + develop plans for the future

why are nation pension programs on the verge of collapsing?

aren’t enough young workers paying into the programs to support retirees. Retirement age is being raised + benefits cut

aging index countries from highest to lowers?

poland, s korea, usa, china

dependcy ratio countries from highest to lowest?

sierra leone, kenya, india, USA< brazil

elderly support ratio countries from highest to lowest?

sierra leone, kenya, brazil, china