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UVIC N342 > chapter 7- NCD > Flashcards

chapter 7- NCD Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common cause of death in older adults in all parts of the world?

A

NCDs

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2
Q

which country has the highest % of communicable disease deaths > 60?

A

SIerra Leone

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3
Q

which countries have the highest % of noncommunicable disease deaths > 60?

A

Poland, china, and USA

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4
Q

> 1/3 of older adults (both men and women) die of ____

A

CVD (MI, stroke, or complications of these)

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5
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

walls of arteries thicken + harden → narrow artery → limits blood supply passing through

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6
Q

what is coronary artery disease?

A

atherschelosis in vessels supplying blood to heart

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7
Q

which strokes are more common- ischemic or hemorrhagic?

A

ischemic

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8
Q

what are stroke symptoms?

A

weakness. confusion, trouble speaking or understanding, vision disturbances, loss of balance, severe headache

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9
Q

what does unmanaged htn put you at risk for?

A

stroke Also inc risk of HF, KF, aneurysms + blindness

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10
Q

what is the most significant predictor of CVD?

A

increasing age

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11
Q

why does lower SE status inc risk of CVD?

A

less favourable modifiable risk factors

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12
Q

1 in __ adults die of CA worldwide?

A

6

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13
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death (occurs if mutations or other damage occur + cell can’t be repaired) – this is normal, CA cells are different and undergo uncontrolled reproduction

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14
Q

what is the most significant risk factor for CA?

A

age

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15
Q

what are the most common CA in men?

A

lung > liver > stomach > colon/rectum > esophagus

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16
Q

what are the most common CA in women?

A

breast > cervical > colon/rectum > lung > stomach

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17
Q

what are the most common causes of death d/t CA in women?

A

beast, lung, cervix, colon/rectum + stomach but dependent on region. Cervical CA deaths much more common in low income as don’t have routine Pap + HPV vaccine

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18
Q

do more people develop CA in high or low income countries?

A

high income because they generally live longer

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19
Q

are mortality rates d/t CA in high income countries higher or lower?

A

higher because populations are so much greater in low income countries so overall more deaths in low income

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20
Q

what is the % of older adults that die of COPD?

A

10%

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21
Q

what is COPD?

A

o Progressive thickening + narrowing of airways occurs w inflm + excess production of mucus – this process causes chronic bronchitis

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22
Q

what is this: airways sensitive to exposures (pollutants, cold air, stress)

A

asthma

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23
Q

is COPD reversibl?

A

no

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24
Q

common risk factors for COPD?

A

smoke, air pollution, industrial chemicals

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25
Q

COPD mortality rates are highest where?

A

india> china >sierra leona > kenya

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26
Q

what are some signs of the onset of diabetes?

A

polyuria, polydispsia, polyphagiea, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, frequent slow healing infections

27
Q

failure to control BG in Diabetes leads to ?

A

retinopathy (blindness), neuropathy, kidney failure, foot ulcers

28
Q

where is the highest proportion of population w diabetes?

A

USA > Poland > South Korea> India> Brazil

29
Q

how many people in the world are blind or have limited vision?

A

> 300 million

30
Q

what are some of the causes of sensory impairment?

A

cataracts (lense becomes cloudy), glaucoma (loss of peripheral vision d/t elevated pressure in the eyeball), age-related macular degeneration (causes loss of central vision), chronic disease (ex: diabetes) + infections

31
Q

how many people are deaf or hard of hearing?

A

> 250 million

32
Q

what is presbycusis?

A

age related hearing loss, often difficult to hear higher frequencies

33
Q

what is damaged in your ears after hearing loud sounds?

A

sterocilia

34
Q

vision and hearing disorders responsible for __% of disability experienced by adults >60 years

A

10%

35
Q

what can cause a disability for someone?

A

• D/t arthritis, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, nerous system disorders, intellectual or cognitive impairments, and sensory impairments

36
Q

disability is both a health condition and a ____

A

social context (need to consider personal, societal, environmental factors when looking at limitations

37
Q

what is the best way to measure disability? or one good way

A

asking how much fx impairment is caused by the disability

38
Q

what are examples of ADLS and IADLS?

A
  • ADLS: dressing, eating, ambulating, toileting, hygiene

* IADLS (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living) = shopping, housekeeping, accounting, food prep, transportation –

39
Q

are disabled people more likely to live in poverty or not? why or why not?

A

poverty bc often denied access to education, employment and public services

40
Q

what is another measure of disability?

A

environment and resources available for person with the impairment

41
Q

3rd way to measure disability?

A

duration of the impairment

42
Q

what is dementia?

A

• Memory loss combined with impaired judgement, personality changes, inappropriate behavior, difficulty w language and/or confusion

43
Q

what is the most common form of dementia? caused by?

A

Alzeimer’s – anatomical changes incl formation of beta-amyloid plaques + neurofibrillary tangles

44
Q

___of disability in >60 years d/t dementia?

A

5-10%

45
Q

how many adults have dementia?

A

> 35 million

46
Q

what does sensitivity mean? (in re:screening)

A

proportion of people who have disease who tested positive for the disease

47
Q

what does specificity mean? (in re:screening)

A

proportion of people who are free of disease and test negative for it

48
Q

test for screening is considered to be reliable if has sensitivity of at least __% and specify of at least __%

A

95%, 80%

49
Q

what is positive predictive value (PPV)

A

proportion of people who test positive who truly have the disease

50
Q

what is negative predictive value (NPV)

A

proportion of people who test negative that truly don’t have the disease

51
Q

PPV and NPV depend on what?

A

the prevalence of the disease in the pop being tested

52
Q

why would it be difficult to test PPV and NPV for something like HTN?

A

because does not have definitive cut offs and can range so screening test does best to find at what point it is considered a risk

53
Q

where would screening be common in low income countries?

A

pregnant women and children

54
Q

what is a population pyramid?

A

displays number of males and females by age group in population

55
Q

what do low income countries pyramids look like?

A

typically have a wide base (lots of children) that gradually narrows. usually concerned w pop growth and encouraging dec fertility rates

56
Q

what do high income pyramids look like?

A

often looks more like a cube. Face shrinking population size + are concerned w who will care for aging population as ratio of older adults increases

57
Q

what is the aging index?

A

usually calculated as # of people >65 for every 100 children under age of 15 – higher index means aging population

58
Q

what is the dependency ratio?

A

social support ratio; indicates # of dependent children + older people for every person of working age (often defined as people ages 15 through 64)

59
Q

what is the elderly support ratio?

A

= # of peoples ages 15-64 for every 100 people ages 65+

60
Q

who are the gaining index, dependency ratio and elderly support ratio helpful for?

A

helpful for social service providers + policymakers to understand current needs of the population + develop plans for the future

61
Q

why are nation pension programs on the verge of collapsing?

A

aren’t enough young workers paying into the programs to support retirees. Retirement age is being raised + benefits cut

62
Q

aging index countries from highest to lowers?

A

poland, s korea, usa, china

63
Q

dependcy ratio countries from highest to lowest?

A

sierra leone, kenya, india, USA< brazil

64
Q

elderly support ratio countries from highest to lowest?

A

sierra leone, kenya, brazil, china

UVIC N342 (4 decks)

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