Chapter 2

Question 1

what is demography?

Answer 1

study of size and composition of populations

Question 2

what are some key measures of health and disease in a pop?

Answer 2

pop size, birth and death rate, cause of death, freq and causes of disease and disability and rate at which ppl engage in risky behaviours

Question 3

what is birth rate? death rate?

Answer 3

rate per 1000 annually

Question 4

why is measuring mortality challenging?

Answer 4

1. many parts of the world have no system for status and places where deaths occur in homes instead of hospitals, few births and deaths are documented by gov’t officials
2. assigning one cause of death to each individual is difficult. many co-morbidities

Question 5

what is life expectancy?

Answer 5

at birth is the median expected age at death of all babies born alive

Question 6

what is healthy life expectancy?

Answer 6

the number of years the average individual born into the population can expect to life without disability

Question 7

what are two terms to describe morbidity rate for a particular disease in a population?

Answer 7

incidence and prevelance

Question 8

what is incidence?

Answer 8

the number of new cases of the disease occurring in a time period divided by the total number of people at risk for that disease

describes infectious diseases, acute diseases and outbreaks

Question 9

what is prevalence?

Answer 9

the number of total existing diseases, both newly diagnosed cases and cases diagnosed in the past, divided by the total population

usually describes the amount of chronic diseases in a poulation

Question 10

what is quality-adjusted life years (QUALYs)

Answer 10

increased if interventions decrease the prevalence or incidence of diseases (e.g.. vaccines)

Question 11

what are disability-adjusted life year (DALY)?

Answer 11

way of estimating the burden of disease in a population by combing the burden from premature measured as years of life lost (YLLs) plus the burden of disability, measured as years of life with disability (YLD)

Question 12

what helps to highlight the high burden of disability caused by mental health disorders

Answer 12

DALY

Question 13

what are 3 main classifications for causes of death and disability?

Answer 13

1) communicable (infectious) diseases
2) noncommunicable diseases (including mental health)
3) injuries

Question 14

what are communicable diseases?

Answer 14

caused by infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites (such as protozoa and heminiths/worms). TB, STI, intestinal worms, meningitis, malaria and resp infections all included

Question 15

what are noncommunicable diseases?

Answer 15

conditions that are not contagious, such as heart disease and other CVD, cancers, chronic resp diseases, endocinr, neurological, psych, etc. (anything chronic). Most are chronic and develop gradually.

Question 16

communicable or NCD: diseases of the newborn, maternal conditions, nutritional def?

Answer 16

communicable bc often diseases that affect lower-income pop

Question 17

sources of health info?

Answer 17

census data, vital stats registries, surveillance systems, household surveys, health sevices records such as hospital patient files and insurance claims and maps of the lcoations of health facilities.

Question 18

what are some examples of secondary sources?

Answer 18

fact sheets, annual reports and other summaries of research findings

Question 19

what are age adjusted rates?

Answer 19

make different populations with different age structures comparable

Question 20

what are some international sources of health information?

Answer 20

WHO, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Annual reports of United Nations agencies and specialty health organizations
Research articles published in peer-reviewed journals