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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > Chapter 7: Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A
  1. Movement
  2. Maintenance of posture
  3. Respiration
  4. Production of body heat
  5. Communication
  6. Constriction of organs and vessels
  7. Contraction of heart
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2
Q

What are the general properties of muscle tissues?

A
  1. Contractility
  2. Excitability
  3. Extensibility
  4. Elasticity
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3
Q

Skeletal muscle - causes attached structures to move
Smooth muscle - increase pressure inside hollow organs
Cardiac muscle - increase pressure inside the heart

A

Contractility

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4
Q

Opposing contraction cause muscle to _______

A

Lengthen

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5
Q

Ability of muscle to shorten forcefully

A

Contractility

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6
Q

Capacity of muscles to respond to a stimulus

A

Excitability

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7
Q

Skeletal muscle - stimulus to contract from nerves (controllable)
Smooth and Cardiac muscle - stimulus to contract involuntarily from neural and hormonal signals (spontaneous)

A

Excitability

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8
Q

Ability to stretch beyond normal resting length and still be able to contract

A

Extensibility

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9
Q

Ability of muscles to recoil to its original resting length

A

Elasticity

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10
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Smooth muscle
  3. Cardiac muscle
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11
Q
  • attached to bones
  • long, cylindrical
  • multiple, peripherally located nucleus
  • no cell-to-cell attachments
  • has striations
  • rhythmic
  • voluntary and involuntary (reflexes)
  • body movements
A

Skeletal muscle

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12
Q
  • walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and glands
  • spindle shaped
  • single, centrally located nucleus
  • gap junctions
  • doesn’t have striations
  • autorhythmic (some)
  • involuntary
  • moving food through the digestive tract, empties urinary bladder, regulates blood vessel diameter, contracts many gland ducts
A

Smooth muscle

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13
Q
  • heart
  • branche, cylindrical
  • single, centrally located nucleus
  • intercolated disks
  • has striations
  • autorhythmic
  • involuntary
  • pumping blood
A

Cardiac muscle

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14
Q

Skeletal muscle is also called?

A

Striated muscle

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15
Q

What are muscle cells also called?

A

Muscle fibers

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16
Q

what is the skeletal muscle composed of?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and adipose tissue

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17
Q

What are the 3 layers of connective tissue?

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium
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18
Q
  • also called as muscular fascia
  • connective tissue sheath surrounding each skeletal muscle
A

Epimysium

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19
Q

numerous visible bundles of muscle fibers that subdivides a whole muscle

A

Fascicles

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20
Q
  • loose connective tissue serving as a passageway for blood vessels and nerves that supply fascicles
  • separates muscle fascicle from each other
A

Perimysium

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21
Q
  • passageway for blood vessels and nerves that supply each and separate muscle fiber
  • separate each muscle fiber within each fascicles
A

Endomysium

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22
Q
  • enormous cells that has several hundreds of nuclei under the cell membrane
    Most: 1mm to 4cm in length
    Some: 30cm to 1ft in length
A

Muscle fiber

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23
Q

what are the 3 muscle fiber components that respond and transmit electrical signals

A
  1. Sarcolemma
  2. Transverse tubules (T tubules)
  3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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24
Q
  • cell membrane of muscle fiber
  • multiple nuclei of the muscle fiber are located just deep to it
A

Sarcolemma

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25
Q
  • inward folds of the sarcolemma
  • carry electrical impulses into the center of the muscle fiber
A

Transverse tubules or T tubules

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26
Q
  • stores high levels of calcium
  • its release of calcium is the “switch” for muscle contraction
A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

the enlarged portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is called?

A

Terminal cisternae

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28
Q

Cytoplasm of a musle fiber

A

Sarcoplasm

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29
Q

What are the 2 main structures of muscle fibers?

A
  1. Myofibrils
  2. Myofilaments
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30
Q
  • bundles of protein filaments
  • interact to shorten the muscle fiber during contraction
  • long thread-like structures that extends the length of muscle fibers
A

Myofibrils

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31
Q

What are the 2 types of myofilament?

A
  1. Actin
  2. Myosin
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32
Q
  • thin filaments
  • attachment site for the myosin myofilament
A

Actin myofilaments

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33
Q

2 components of actin myofilaments which dictates when the skeletal muscle will contract?

A
  1. Tropomyosin
  2. Troponin
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34
Q
  • covers the active attachment sites
  • long, fibrous protein lying along the groove of actin strand
A

Tropomyosin

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35
Q
  • consists of 3 subunits
  • anchors troponin to actin
  • prevents tropomyosin from uncovering the actin myofilament attachment sites in a relaxed muscle
  • binds calcium
A

Troponin

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36
Q
  • structural and functional units of skeletal muscles
  • forms myofibrils
  • as it shortens, myofibrils shorten too, causing muscle fiber contraction
A

Sarcomeres

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37
Q
  • forms stationary anchor for actin myofilaments
  • network of protein fibers forming an attachment site for actin myofilaments
  • separate one sarcomere from the next
A

Z discs

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38
Q
  • light-staining bands
  • consists only of actin myofilaments
  • spans each Z disk and ends at the myosin myofilaments
A

I band

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39
Q
  • dark-staining band
  • center of the sarcomere
  • contains both actin and myosin myofilaments overlapping
A

A band

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40
Q
  • center of the A band
  • contains myosin filaments
A

H zone

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41
Q
  • dark line in the middle of the H zone
  • consist of delicate protein filaments that holds myosin filaments in place
A

M line

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42
Q
  • composed of elongated myosin molecules (tiny golf clubs)
  • thick myofilaments
A

Myosin myofilaments

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43
Q

what are myosin filaments consist of?

A
  1. Rod portion
  2. Two myosin heads
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44
Q

Lying parallel to the myosin myofilaments

A

Rod portion

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45
Q

3 properties of myosin heads

A
  • bind attachment sites on the actin myofilaments to form cross-bridges
  • can bend and straighten during contraction
  • break down ATP to release energy
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46
Q
  • point of contact of motor neuro axon branches with the muscle fiber
  • consist of enlarged axon terminals that rest in a portion of sarcolemma
A

Neuromuscular junction or synapse

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47
Q

axon terminal is called

A

Presynaptic terminal

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48
Q

Space between the presynaptic terminal and muscle fiber membrane

A

Synaptic cleft

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49
Q

Muscle cell membrane in the area of the junction

A

Motor end-plate or postsynaptic membrane

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50
Q
  • Each presynaptic terminal has numerous mitochondria and many small spherical sacs called
  • Contains the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
A

synaptic vesicles

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51
Q
  • a molecule that allows a neuron to communicate
  • can stimulate or inhibit the production of an action potential in the motor-end plate (sarcolemma) by binding it to ligand-gated ion channels
  • action potential = release of acetylcholine
A

Neurotransmitter

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52
Q
  • specialized membrane transport proteins
  • when opened, it allows ions to cross the cell membrane
A

ligand-gated ion channels

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53
Q

The parallel attachment of myofilaments in a sarcomere allows them to interact which causes muscle contraction

A

Sliding filament model

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54
Q

when a muscle contracts, the actin and myosin myofilaments in the sarcomere _______ each other and ______ the sarcomere

A

Slides past each other, and shorten the sarcomere

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55
Q

Groups of muscle fibers makes up

A

Muscle fascicle

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56
Q

shortening the sarcomeres causes _________, _________, __________, and _________ to shorten to produce muscle contraction

A

myofibrils, muscle fibers, muscle fascicles, and muscles

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57
Q

Sarcomeres lengthen during

A

Muscle relaxation

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58
Q

2 major types of cell membrane channels

A

Leak ion channels
Gated ion channels

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59
Q
  • allows slow leak of ions down their concentration gradient in resting cells
A

Leak ion channels

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60
Q
  • allows slow leak of ions down their concentration gradient in resting cells
A

Leak ion channels

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61
Q
  • most important in stimulated cells
  • governs the production of action potentials
A

Gated ion channels

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62
Q
  • electrical charge difference across the cell membrane of an unstimulated cell
  • ready to respond at a moment’s notice
    inside the cell membrane: negatively charged
    outside the cell membrane: positively charged
A

Resting membrane potential

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63
Q

Exists because:
1. K+ concentration is higher inside than outside
2. Na+ concentration is higher outside than inside
3. more permeable to K+ than Na+

A

Resting membrane potential

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64
Q

a device used to measure the resting membrane potential

A

Oscilloscope

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65
Q
  • occurs when excitable cell is stimulated
  • ion channels in open when cell is stimulated
  • depolarization and repolarization
A

Action potentials

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66
Q

Na+ opens and diffuses = positive

A

Depolarization

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67
Q

K+ opens and diffuses = negative
- return to the resting value

A

Repolarization

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68
Q

autoimmune disorder
- antibodies are formed against acetylcholine receptors, reducing the number of receptors in the neuromuscular junction

A

Myasthenia gravis

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69
Q

After a person dies, Ca+ diffuses causing the body to become very stiff and rigid

A

Rigor mortis

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70
Q
  • acetylcholine is no longer released at the neuromuscular junction
  • Ca+ concentration decreases until it diffuses away from the troponin molecules and tropomyosin blocks attachment sites on the actin molecules
A

Muscle relaxation

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71
Q

Response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential along its motor neuron is called

A

Muscle twitch

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72
Q

What are the 3 phases of muscle twitch?

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Contraction phase
  3. Relaxation phase
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73
Q

gap between the time of stimulus application to the motor neuron and the beginning of contraction

A

Lag or latent phase

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74
Q

Once the Ca+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates cross-bridge formation and cycling

A

Contraction phase

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75
Q

concentration of Ca+ decreases slowly due to active transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Relaxation phase

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76
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle contractions?

A
  1. Isometric contractions
  2. Isotonic contractions
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77
Q
  • muscle does not shorten
  • increases tension in the muscle, but its length stays the same
  • bones held in place
A

Isometric contraction

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78
Q
  • muscle shortens
  • increases the tension in the muscles and decreases its length
A

Isotonic contraction

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79
Q
  • amount of force in an individual muscle fiber
  • increasing the force of contraction of the muscle fibers
A

Summation

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80
Q
  • amount of force in a whole muscle
  • increasing the number of muscle fibers contracting
A

Recruitment

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81
Q
  • constitute a single muscle
  • the fewer fibers there are, the greater control you have over the muscle
A

muscle units

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82
Q

wave summation - incomplete tetanus - complete tetanus

A

Frequency of stimulation

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83
Q
  • do not allow complete relaxation between stimuli
A

incomplete tetanus

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84
Q
  • allows no relaxation between stimuli
A

Complete tetanus

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85
Q

muscles stay contracted too long (constant tension)

A

Muscle tone

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86
Q

Types of isotonic and isometric contractions

A
  1. Concentric
  2. Eccentric
87
Q
  • overcome the opposing resistance
  • muscle shortens
A

Concentric

88
Q
  • tension is maintained, but opposing resistance is great enough to cause the muscle to increase in length
A

eccentric contractions

89
Q
  • contract more slowly
  • better developed blood supply, have more mitochondria, more fatigue-resistant
  • contain large amounts of myoglobin (binds and reserves O2)
  • type I myosin
  • works aerobically
  • large production of ATP with O2
A

Slow-twitch muscle fibers

90
Q
  • type IIa (with or without O2) or IIb (without O2) myosin heads
  • works anaerobically
  • contracts quickly, fatigues quickly
  • less-well developed blood supply, fewer and smaller mitochondria, very little myoglobin
  • produce small amount of ATP quickly without O2
A

Fast-twitch muscle fiber

91
Q

muscle increase in size or number of muscle fibers
- increase in strength and endurance

A

hypotrophies

92
Q

Muscle is not used
- decrease in size or number of muscle fibers

A

Atrophies

93
Q
  • occurs in elderly people who cannot readily move their limbs
  • decrease in size or number of muscle fibers, leads to paralysis
A

Sever atrophy

94
Q
  • conversion of two ADP to one ATP and one AMP during heavy exercise
  • conversion of a molecule called creatine phosphate to ATP
  • Anaerobic production of ATP during intensive short-term work
  • Aerobic production of ATP during most exercise and normal conditions
A

ATP production processes

95
Q

transfers one phosphate from one ADP to a second ADP, resulting in one ATP and one AMP

A

adenylate kinase or myokinase

96
Q
  • bank for high energy phosphate
  • transfer a phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP to produce ATP
A

creatine phosphate
creatine kinase

97
Q
  • does not require O2 , breaks down glucose to produce ATP and lactate
  • High-intensity, short-duration exercise, such as sprinting or carrying something very heavy, is supported through partially anaerobic pathways
  • produces far less ATP than aerobic respiration, but can produce ATP in a matter of a few seconds instead of a few minutes like aerobic respiration
A

Anaerobic respiration

98
Q
  • occurs mostly in mitochondria, requires O2 and breaks down glucose to produce ATP, CO2 , and H2O
  • can also process lipids or amino acids to make ATP
  • Low-intensity, long-duration exercise is supported
A

Aerobic respiration

99
Q

Temporary state of reduced work capacity
- without this, muscle fibers would be worked to the point of structural damage to them and their supportive tissues

A

Fatigue

100
Q

What are the mechanisms included in fatigue?

A
  1. Acidosis and ATP depletion
  2. Oxidative stress
  3. Inflammation
101
Q
  • Anaerobic respiration results in breakdown of glucose to lactate and protons, accounting for lowered ph
  • Lowered pH = decreased effectiveness of Ca2+ on actin and overall less Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • can also result when liver dysfunction results in reduced clearance of lactate
A

Acidosis and ATP Depletion

102
Q
  • Increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)= breakdown of proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids
  • trigger an immune system chemical called interleukin (IL)-6 a mediator of inflammation (may cause muscle soreness)
A

Oxidative stress

103
Q

type of white blood cell, migrate into heavily worked muscles

A

T lymphocyte - Inflammation

104
Q
  • occurs when there is too little ATP to bind to myosin myofilaments
  • muscle become incapable of either contracting or relaxing
A

Psychological contracture

105
Q
  • most common type of fatigue
  • involves the central nervous system rather than the muscles themselves
  • muscles are still capable of contracting, but the individual “perceives” that continued muscle contraction is impossible
  • overall benefit is that it prevents complete exhaustion of ATP reserves, which could lead to severe damage of the muscle fibers
A

psychological fatigue

106
Q
  • muscle pain that lasts for several days
  • injury has increased the permeability of plasma membrane, connective tissue, or muscle fibers has ruptured them
A

Muscle soreness

107
Q
  • lag time between when a person begins to execise and when they begin to breath more heavily
  • insufficient oxygen consumption
  • must be repaid during and after exercise
A

Oxygen deficit

108
Q
  • lag time before breathing returns to its preexercise rate once exercise stops
    -reflects muscles’ need for oxygen
  • elevated oxygen consumption
  • used to repay the oxygen deficit to restore homeostasis
A

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption

109
Q

functions as a unit and contract at the same time

A

Smooth muscle

110
Q

functions as a unit and contract at the same time

A

Smooth muscle cells

111
Q

resulting periodic spontaneous contraction of smooth muscle

A

Autorhythmicity

112
Q
  • exhibits limited anaerobic respiration
  • continues to contract at a level that can be sustained by aerobic respiration and consequently does not fatigue
A

Cardiac muscle

113
Q
  • specialized structures that include tight junctions and gap junctions
  • facilitate action potential conduction between cells
  • allows cardiac muscle cells to function as a unit
A

Intercalated disk

114
Q

The muscle that is connected to the bone at both ends

A

Tendon

115
Q

broad, sheetlike tendons

A

Aponeuroses

116
Q

painful, apastic contractions of a muscle, usually due to build up of lactic acid

A

cramps

117
Q
  • a band of connective tissue that holds down the tendons at each wrist and ankle
A

Retinaculum

118
Q
  • causes most body movements by pulling one of the bones toward the other across the movable joint
A

Muscle contraction

119
Q
  • the head
  • two points of attachment of each muscle
  • most stationary end of the muscle
  • usually proximal or medial to the insertion of a given muscle
A

Origin

120
Q
  • end of the muscle attached to the bone undergoing the greatest movement
A

Insertion

121
Q
  • part of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
A

Belly

122
Q

non life threatening, chronic, widespread pain in muscles with no known cure; also known as chronic muscle pain syndrome

A

fribromyalgia

123
Q

muscle that accomplishes a certain movement, such as flexion

A

Agonist

124
Q

muscle acting in opposition to an agonist

A

Antagonist

125
Q

group of genetic disorders in which all types of muscle degenerate and atrophy

A

muscle dystrophy

126
Q

members of a group of muscles working together to produce a movement

A

Synergist

127
Q
  • among a group of synergist
  • one muscle that plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement
  • the brachialis is the prime mover in flexing the elbow
A

Prime mover

128
Q

muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usually more distal bone is moved

A

fixators

129
Q
  • most muscles have descriptive names
  • location: pectoralis (chest), gluteus (buttock), brachial (arm)
  • size: maximus (large), minimus (small), longus (long), brevis (short)
  • shape: deltoid (triangular), quadratus (quadrate/rectangular), teres (round)
  • orientation of fascicles: straight,parallel, oblique
  • origin and insertion
  • number of heads
  • function: body movement
A

Muscle names/nomenclature

130
Q

What are the 8 fascicle arrangement?

A
  1. Circular
  2. Convergent
  3. Parallel
  4. Pennate
  5. Unipennate
  6. Bipennate
  7. Multipennate
  8. Fusiform
131
Q
  • orbicularis oris
  • orbicularis oculi
  • act as sphincters to close the opening
A

Circular

132
Q
  • pectoralis major
  • pectoralis minor
  • broadly distributed fascicles at a single tendon
A

Convergent

133
Q

muscles are weak and fail to relax following forceful contractions; affects the hands most severely; dominnt trait in 1/20,000 births

A

myotonic muscular dystrophy

134
Q
  • trapezium: trapezius
  • rhomboidal: rhomboideus
  • quadrate: rectus abdominis
A

Parallel

135
Q

fascicles originate from a tendon that runs the length of the entire muscle

A

Pennate

136
Q
  • fascicles on only one side of the tendon
  • palmar inerosseus
  • semimembanosus
A

Unipennate

137
Q
  • fascicles on both sides of the tendon
  • rectus femoris
A

Bipennate

138
Q

inflammation of a tendon or its attachment point, due to overuse of the muscle

A

tendinitis

139
Q
  • fascicles arranged at many places around the central tendon
  • spread out at angles to many smaller tendons
  • deltoid
A

Multipennate

140
Q
  • fascicles lie parallel along the long axis of muscle
  • belly of muscle is larger in diameter than ends
  • biceps brachii (two-headed;shown)
  • triceps brachii (three-headed)
A

fusiform

141
Q

include those involved in forming facial expressions, chewing, moving the tongue, swallowing, producing sounds, moving the eyes, and moving the head and neck

A

Muscle of the head and neck

142
Q

[FACIAL EXPRESSION]
raises the eyebrows

A

Occipitofrontalis

143
Q

[FACIAL EXPRESSION]
Connects the occipital and frontal portions of the muscle

A

Epicranial aponeurosis

144
Q

[FACIAL EXPRESSION]
encircles the eyes, tightly close the eyelids, and cause “crow’s feet” wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eyes

A

Orbicularis oculi

145
Q

[FACIAL EXPRESSION]
encircles the mouth

A

Orbicularis oris

146
Q

[FACIAL EXPRESSION]
sometimes called the kissing muscles or trumpeter’s mucle because they pucker the mouth

A

Buccinators

147
Q

[FACIAL EXPRESSION]
Accomplishes smiling

A

Zygomaticus

148
Q

[FACIAL EXPRESSION]
Accomplishes sneering

A

Levator labii superioris

149
Q

[FACIAL EXPRESSION]
Performs frowning and pouting
Depresses the corner of the mouth

A

Depressor anguli oris

150
Q
  • four pairs of muscles for chewing, or mastication
  • some of the strongest muscles in the body
A

Mastication

151
Q

[MASTICATION]
can be easily seen and felt on the side of the head during mastication

A

Temporalis and masseter

152
Q

[MASTICATION]
consisting of two pairs, are deep to the mandible

A

Pterygoid

153
Q
  • Moves food around in the mouth and, with the buccinator muscle, holds the food in place while the teeth grind the food
  • pushes food up to the palete and back toward the pharynx to initiate swallowing
A

Tongue

154
Q

[TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES]
located entirely within the tongue and changes its shape

A

Intrinsic muscles

155
Q

[TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES]
located outside the tongue but are attached to and move the tongue

A

Extrinsic muscles

156
Q

[TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES]
- divided into a suprahyoid group and infrahyoid group
- when the suprahyoid muscles hold the hyoid bone in place from above, the infrahyoid muscles can elevate the larynx

A

Hyoid muscles

157
Q

[TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES]
Elevates the pharynx

A

Pharyngeal elevators

158
Q

[TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES]
Constrict the pharynx from superior to inferior, forcing the food into the esophagus

A

Pharyngeal constrictors

159
Q

[TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES]
- opens the auditory tube, which connects the middle ear to the pharynx
- opening the auditory tube equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere

A

Pharyngeal muscles

160
Q

[NECK MUSCLES]
- include neck flexors, located along the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies, and neck extensors, located posteriorly
- rotation and lateral flexion of the head are accomplished by lateral and posterior neck muscles

A

Deep neck muscles

161
Q

[NECK MUSCLES]
- prime mover of the lateral muscle group, is easily seen on the anterior and lateral sides of the neck
- contraction of only one rotates the head

A

Sternocleidomastoid

162
Q
  • or wry neck
  • may result from injury to one of the sternocleidomastoid muscles
  • sometimes caused by damage to a baby’s neck muscles during a difficult birth and usually can be corrected by exercising the muscle
A

Torticollis

163
Q

[MUSCLES MOVING THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN]
group of muscles on each side of the back are primarily responsible for keeping the body straight and the body erect

A

Erector spinae

164
Q

[MUSCLES MOVING THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN]
- located between the spinous and transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae
- are responsible for several movements of the vertebral column, including extension, lateral flexion, and rotation
- when the deep back muscles are stretched abnormally, muscle strains and sprains of lumbar vertebral ligaments can occur; low back pain

A

Deep back muscles

165
Q

involved almost entirely in the process of breathing

A

Thoracic muscles

166
Q

[THORACIC MUSCLES]
Elevate the ribs during inspiration

A

External intercostals

167
Q

[THORACIC MUSCLES]
Contract during forced expiration, depressing the ribs

A

Internal intercostals

168
Q

[THORACIC MUSCLES]
- accomplishes the major movement produced in the thorax during quiet breathing
- when it contracts, the dome flattened, causing the volume of the thoracic cavity to increase, resulting in inspiration

A

Diaphragm

169
Q

[ABDOMINAL WALL MUSCLES]
- flex and rotate the vertebral column
- compress the abdominal cavity
- hold in and protect the abdominal organs

A

Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

170
Q

[ABDOMINAL WALL MUSCLES]
tendinous area of the abdominal wall
- consists of white connective tissue rather than muscle

A

Linea alba

171
Q

each side of the linea alba

A

Rectus abdominis

172
Q
  • cross the rectus abdominis at 3 or more locations, causing the abdominal wall of a lean, well-muscled person to appear well segmented
A

tendinous intersections

173
Q

three layers of muscles lateral to the rectus abdominis:

A
  1. External abdominal oblique
  2. Internal abdominal oblique
  3. Transversus abdominis
174
Q

[PELVIC FLOOR AND PERINEAL MUSCLES]
a ring of bone with an inferior opening that is closed by a muscular floor through which the anus and the openings of the urinary tract and reproductive tract penetrate

A

Pelvis

175
Q

[PELVIC FLOOR AND PERINEAL MUSCLES]
- also called pelvic diaphragm
- formed by the levator ani muscle

A

Pelvic floor

176
Q

[PELVIC FLOOR AND PERINEAL MUSCLES]
area inferior to the pelvic floor
- contains a number of muscles associated with the male or female reproductive structures

A

Perineum

177
Q

Include those that attach the limb and pectoral girdle to the body and those in the arm, forearm, and hand

A

Upper limb muscles

178
Q

the muscles that attach the scapula to the thorax and move the scapula include:

A

Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboids
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis minor

179
Q

[SCAPULAR MOVEMENTS]
move the scapula into different positions, thereby increasing the range of movement of the upper limb

A

Scapular muscles

180
Q

[SCAPULAR MOVEMENTS]
forms the upper line from each shoulder to the neck

A

trapezius

181
Q

[ARM MOVEMENTS]
- adducts the arm and flexes the shoulder
- extend the shoulder from a flexed position

A

Pectoralis major

182
Q

[SCAPULAR MOVEMENTS]
medially rotates and adducts the arm and powerfully extends the shoulder; “swimmer’s muscle”

A

Latissimus dorsi

183
Q

[SCAPULAR MOVEMENTS]
attached the humerus to the scapula and forms a cuff or a cap over the proximal humerus

A

Rotator cuff muscles

184
Q

[SCAPULAR MOVEMENTS]
- muscle attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle
- major abductor
- common site for injections

A

Deltoid

185
Q

[FOREARM MOVEMENTS]
- primary extensor of the elbow, occupies the posterior compartment

A

triceps brachii

186
Q

[FOREARM MOVEMENTS]
occupies anterior compartment

A

biceps brachii

187
Q

[FOREARM MOVEMENTS]
Primary flexors of the elbow

A

Brachialis

188
Q

[FOREARM MOVEMENTS]
A posterior muscles that helps flex the elbow

A

Brachioradialis

189
Q

[WRIST AND FINGER MOVEMENTS]
responsible for flexion of the wrist and fingers, whereas most of the posterior forearm muscles cause extension

A

Anterior forearm muscles

190
Q

[WRIST AND FINGER MOVEMENTS]
flex the wrist

A

Flexor carpi muscles

191
Q

[WRIST AND FINGER MOVEMENTS]
extends the wrist

A

Extensor carpi muscles

192
Q

[WRIST AND FINGER MOVEMENTS]
serves as a landmark for locating the radial pulse

A

Tendon of the flexor carpi radialis

193
Q

[WRIST AND FINGER MOVEMENTS]
Visible on the posterior surface of the forearm

A

Tendons of the wrist extensors

194
Q
  • forceful, repeated contraction of the wrist extensor muscles
  • may result in inflammation and pain
A

Tennis elbow

195
Q

[WRIST AND FINGER MOVEMENTS]
flexion of the fingers

A

Flexor digitorum

196
Q

[WRIST AND FINGER MOVEMENTS]
Extension of the fingers

A

extensor digitorum

197
Q

[WRIST AND FINGER MOVEMENTS]
- 19 muscles
- located within the hand

A

Intrinsic hand muscles

198
Q

[WRIST AND FINGER MOVEMENTS]
- located between the metacarpal bones
- abduction and adduction of the fingers

A

Interossei muscles

199
Q

[THIGH MOVEMENTS]
anterior muscle

A

Iliopsoas

200
Q

[THIGH MOVEMENTS]
Posterior muscle

A

Gluteal muscle

201
Q

[THIGH MOVEMENTS]
Tenses a thick band of fascia on the lateral side of the thigh called iliotibical tract

A

Tensor fasciae latae

202
Q

[THIGH MOVEMENTS]
Extends the hip and abducts and laterally rotates the thigh
- sciatic nerve lies deep and could be damaged during an injection

A

Gluteus maximus

203
Q

[THIGH MOVEMENTS]
Abducts and medially rotates the thigh
- common sites for injections in the buttocks

A

Gluteus medius

204
Q

[LEG MOVEMENTS]
- anterior muscles
- primary extensors of the knee

A

Quadriceps femoris muscles

205
Q

[LEG MOVEMENTS]
- longest muscle in the body
- tailor’s muscle
- flexes the hip and knee and rotates the thigh laterally for sitting cross-legged

A

Sartorius

206
Q

[LEG MOVEMENTS]
- extensions of the patellar tendon onto the tibial tuberosity
- tapped with a rubber hammer when testing the knee-jerk reflex in a physical examination

A

Patellar ligament

207
Q

[LEG MOVEMENTS]
- posterior thigh muscles
- flexing the knee
- tendons are easily felt and seen on the medial and lateral posterior aspect of a slightly bent knee
- tendons in hogs or pigs

A

Hamstring muscles

208
Q

[LEG MOVEMENTS]
Medial thigh muscles
- adducting the thigh

A

Adductor muscles

209
Q
  • 13 muscles in the leg, with tendons extending into the foot
A

Ankle and toe movements

210
Q

[ANKLE AND TOE MOVEMENTS]
- forms the buldge of the calf
- join to form the common calcaneal tenon, or Achilles tendon
- flexors and are involved in plantar flexion of the foot

A

Gastrocnemius and the soleus

211
Q

[ANKLE AND TOE MOVEMENTS]
- lateral muscles of the leg
- everters of the foor, but also aid in plantar flexion

A

Fibularis muscles

212
Q

[ANKLE AND TOE MOVEMENTS]
- 20 muscles located within the foot
- flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes

A

Instrinsic foot muscles

213
Q
  • reduction in muscle mass, slower response time for contraction, reduction in stamina, and increased recovery time
  • loss of muscle fibers (fast-twitch) (25 yrs old) 80 yrs old: 50%
  • fewer action potentials are produced
  • decrease in density of capillaries
A

Effects of aging

214
Q
  • children aged 3
  • muscle weakness; waddling gait
  • muscle atrophy; slow motor development and muscle wasting
  • contractures
  • abnormal genes from X chromosome
  • its gene produces dystrophin (attachment of myofibrils to other proteins in the cell membrane and regulating their activity)
A

Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (7 decks)

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