Chapter 6: Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
- Body support
- Organ protection
- Body movement
- Minerals storage
- Blood cell production
What are the minerals and tissue stored in the bone?
Calcium and phoshorous, Adipose tissue
if blood levels of the minerals _______ the minerals are ______ from the bone into the blood
decreases, released
If needed _____ is released into the blood and used by other tissues as source of energy
Lipids
Blood cell production is called?
Hematopoiesis
location of the blood cell production
Red bone marrow
Collagen
- provides flexibility
- resists compression
- shock absorption of cartilage
proteglycans
- water-trapping proteins
- makes cartilage smooth and resilient
- makes up the matrix
What is the primary inorganic material found in the bone matrix?
Hydroxyapatite
a rare disorder caused by any one of a number of faulty genes that results in either too little collagen formation, or poor quality collagen. A s a result, the bone matrix has decreased flexibility and is more easily broken than normal bone
Osteogenesis imperfecta or brittle bone disease
- bone building cells
- produce collagen and proteglycans
- secretes hydroxyapatite
osteoblasts
The formation of new bone by osteoblast is called?
Ossification/osteogenesis
When does ossification occur?
Fetus: growing larger
Adults: repairing fracture
- once the osteoblasts produced sufficient bone matrix
- maintains bone matrix
Osteocytes
Where does osteocyte cell bodies housed at?
Bone matrix spaces called lacunae
Where is osteocyte cell extensions located?
Canaliculi
What does osteocyte cells and extensions do?
Form molds where the matrix was formed
- bone destroying cells
- develop a ruffled border
Osteoclasts
What does the breakdown of bone called?
Bone reabsorption
Where does osteoclasts being developed?
Red bone marrow
mature bone is also called?
Lamellar bone
Where is lamellar bone organized?
Lamellae
2 classifications of bone
Spongy bone
Compact bone
- appears porous
- less bone matrix, more space
Spongy bone
What is spongy bone composed of?
Plates of bone or trabeculae
What is compact bone also called as?
Cortical bone
- solid outerlayer
- denser and fewer pores
- blood vessels enter the substance itself
Compact/cortical bone
What is the functional unit of the compact bone?
Osteon/harvesian
- composed of concentric rings of matrix
Osteon
the bull’s eye of the target in osteon is called?
Central canal
Contains blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue
Central canal
Where does the nutrients and waste products from and to the blood vessels being delivered?
Osteocytes as they are connected with each other through canaliculi
- center portion of the bone
Diaphysis
- hollow center
Medullar cavity
- ends of a long bone
Epiphyses
- within joints, the end of a long bone is covered with hyaline cartilage called
Articular cartilage
- also called as growth plate
- located between epiphyses and diaphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Where does the growth of the bone length occur?
Epiphyseal plate
When bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate is ossified and is called?
Epiphyseal line
Site of blood cell formation
Red marrow
- mostly adipose tissue
- replaces red marrow in the long bones of the limbs
Yellow bone marrow
Source of donated red bone marrow
Hip bone
- connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone
- some collagen fibers of the tendons and ligaments penetrate which strengthens its attachment to the bone
Periosteum
- single layer of connective tissue
- lines the internal surfaces of all cavities
Endosteum
2 processes of bone formation in fetus
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
- 8th week of development - 2 yrs of age
- starts at the centers of ossification
Intramembranous ossification
- soft spots
- larger, membrane-covered spaces
- not yet ossified
Frontanels
how does long bones grow
Creating new cartilage
When does bone elongation occur?
As chondrocytes proliferate, enlarge, die, and replaced by a new bone
Bone remodeling
Osteoclasts remove old bone and osteoblasts deposit new bone
- woven bone to lamellar bone
- bone growth
- bone shape
- adjustment to stress
- bone repair
- calcium regulation
bone remodeling
- osteoclasts break down bone matrix
- osteoblast produce a layer of bone
- lamellae are produced until osteon is formed
Compact bone remodeling
- bone matrix is removed from trabecula
- forms cavity
- filled with new bone matrix
Spongy bone remodeling
bone repair process
Hematoma formation
Callus formation
Callus ossification
Bone remodeling
15 bone fracture classifications
- Open fracture
- Closed fracture
- Complicated fracture
- Incomplete fracture
- Complete fracture
- Greenstick fracture
- Hairline fracture
- Comminuted fracture
- Impacted fracture
- Linear fracture
- Transverse fracture
- Spiral fracture
- Oblique fracture
- Dentate fracture
- Stellate fracture
- compound fracture
- open wound extends to the site of fracture
- fragment of bone protudes through the skin
Open fracture
- skin is not perforated
Closed fracture
- soft tissues around the closed fracture are damaged
Complicated fracture
- does not extend completely across the bone
Incomplete fracture
- the bone is brken into at least two fragments
Complete fracture
- an incomplete fracture to the convex side of the curve of the bone
greenstick fracture
- common in the skull
- when two sections of bone do not separate
Hairline fracture
- when bone breaks into more than 2 fragments
Comminuted fracture
- one fragment is driven into the spongy portion of the other fragment
Impacted fracture
- run parallel to the length of the bone
Linear fracture
- right angles to the length of the bone
Transverse fracture
- take a helical course around the bone
Spiral fracture
- run obliquely in relation to the length of the bone
Oblique fracture
- have rough, toothed, broken ends
Dentate fracture
- have breakage lines radiating from a central point
Stellate fracture
- a critical physiological regulator
Calcium
osteoclasts remove calcium from bone, causing blood calcium levels to
Increase
Osteoblast deposit calcium from bone, causing blood calcium levels to
Decrease
- Increases bone breakdown
- prevents inhibition of osteoclast formation
- prevents osteoporosis (bone demineralization)
Parathyroid
- steroid hormone
- increases blood calcium levels
- increase osteoclast activity
Calcitriol
- lowers blood calcium level
Calcitonin
How many bones does adults have?
206
Total axial bones
80
Total appendicular bones
126
4 categories of bone shape
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
4 categories of bone shape
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
- longer than they are wide
- enhances function in movement of appendages
Long bones
- approximately as wide as they are long
Short bones
- strong barrier around soft organs
Flat bones
- providing protection while allowing bending or flexing of certain body regions
Irregular bones
- consists of 8 cranial bones
- 14 facial bones
- 22 bones
Skull
Parietal bones are joined at the midline by
Sagittal suture
Frontal bones are joined by
Coronal suture
Occipital bones are joined by
Lambdoid suture
Temporal lobe are joined by
Squamous suture
Points of attachment of neck muscles
Nuchal lines
The orbits contain the yes
Frontal bone
The temporal lines are attachment points of the temporalis muscle
Parietal bones
- the external suditory canal transmits sound waves toward the eardrum
Temporal bones
Provide attachement poits for the tounge, hyoid bone, and pharynx
Styloid process
The spinal cord and brain are connected through the foramen magnum
Occipital bone
Sinuses within bone are air-filled cavities
Sphenoid bone
The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum, and the hard palaet separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
Ethmoid bone
- not attached to other bones
- attachment site for the throat and tongue muscles
Hyoid bone
Contains:
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 1 sacral bone
- 1 coccyx bone
Vertebral column
Consists of:
- vertebrae
- 12 pairs of ribs (2 of the false ribs are called floating ribs)
- sternum
Thoracic cage
- skull
- auditory ossicles
- hyoid bone
- vertebral column
- thoracic cage
Axial skeleton
Bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles
Appendicular skeleton
- includes scapulae and clavicles
Pectoral girdle
Consists of
- arm (humerus)
- forearm (ulna and radius)
- wrist (8 carpal bones)
- hand (5 metacarpal bones, 3 phalanges in each finger, and 2 phalanges in the thumb)
Upper limb
Made up of 2 hip bones:
- sacrum
- coccyx
Pelvic girdle
Includes:
- thigh (femur)
- leg (tibia and fibula)
- ankle (7 tarsal bones)
- foot (metatarsal bones and phalanges)
Lower limb
- bones join together
- fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Joints
Articulating surfaces of two bones
- no joint cavity
- little to no movement
- sutures (fontanels)
- syndesmoses (some distance)
- gomphoses (consists of pegs fitted into sockets)
Fibrous joint
Hold two bones together by a pad of cartilage
- little to no movement
- synchondroses (hyaline cartilage)
- symphyses (fibrocartilage)
Cartilaginous joints
Degree of motion in joints
- synarthroses (nonmovable)
- amohiarthroses (slightly movable)
- diarthroses (freely movable)
- allow considerable movement
- mostly at the appendicular skeleton
Synovial joints
Space around the articular surfaces
Joint cavity
Surrounds the joint cavity
Joint capsule
- fibrous connective tissue
- holds bones together permitting flexibility
Joint capsule
Produces synovial fluid which lubricates the joint
Synovial membrane
Extensions of synovial joint cavities that protects skin, tendons, or bone from structures that rub against them
bursae
Synovial joints are classified accoring to shape of the adjoining articular surfaces:
- Plane (two flat surfaces)
- Saddle (two saddle-shaped surfaces)
- Hinge (concave and convex surfaces)
- Pivot (cylindrical projection inside a ring)
- Ball-and-socket (rounded surface into a socket)
- Ellipsoid (ellipsoid concave and convex surfaces)
What are the 15 types of movement?
- Flexion
- Extension
- Hyperextension
- Plantar flexion
- Dorsiflexion
- Abduction
- Adduction
- Pronation
- Supination
- Eversion
- Inversion
- Rotation
- Circumduction
- Protraction
- Retraction
Bending movement that decreases the angle of joints to bring the articulating bones closer together
Flexion
Straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint to extend the articulating bones
Extension
extension of joint beyond 180’
Hyperextension
Movement of foot towards the plantar surface, as standing on the toes
Plantar flexion
Movement of foot towards the shin, as walking on the heels
Dorsiflexion
Away from the median or midsaggital plane
Abduction
Movement towards the median plane
Adduction
Palm faces down
Pronation
Palm faces up
Supination
Foot faces plantar laterally
Eversion
Foot faces plantar medially
Inversion
Turning along its long axis
Rotation
Moves in tracing the joint (free movement)
Circumduction
Glides anteriorly
Protraction
Glides posteriorly
Retraction
Symptoms:
- pain and stiffness espeially in spine
- easily fractured bones
- loss of height
Treatment:
- dietary calcium and vitamin D
- exercuse
- calcitonin
- alendronate
Osteoporosis
Abnormally increased body size due to excessive growth at the epiphyseal plate
Gigantism
Abnormally small body size due to improper growth at the epiphyseal plate
Dwarfism
is the highest around age 30
bone mass
Growth retardation due to nutritional deficiencies in minerals or vitamin D; results in bones that are soft, weak, and easily fracture
Rickets
Lung bacterium that could also affect bone
Tuberculosis
inflammation of a joint; causes include infectious agents, metabolic disorders, trauma, and immune disease
Arthritis
softening of adult bones due to calcium depletion; often caused by vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia
General connective tissue autoimmune disease
Rheomatoid arthritis
Increased productiion and accumulation of uric acid crystals in tissues, including joint capsules
Gout
Inflammation of bursa
Bursitis
Deformations of the first metatarsal; bursitis may accompany thisdeformity; irritated by tight shoes
Bunion
movement of a structure in a superior direction
Elevation
movement of a structure in an inferior direction
Depression
Movement of a strcture to one side
Excursion
A movement unique to the thumb and little finger
Opposition
Returns the digits to the anatomical position
Reposition
When the bones remain apart after injury to a joint
Separation
When the bones of a joint areforcefully pulled apart and the ligaments around the joint are pulled or torn
Sprain
When the end of one bone is pulled out of the socket in a ball-and-socket, ellipsoid, or pvot joint
Dislocation
- gliding joints
- consist of 2 opposed flat surfaces that glide over each other
Plane joints
- consist of 2 saddleshaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other
- joint beween the metacarpal bone and the carpal bone (trapezium) of the thumb
Saddle joints
- permit movement in one plane only
*menisci - shock absorbing fribrocartilage pads that modify the flat condylar surface of the knee joint
Hinge joints
- restrict movement to rotation around a single axis
- consists of a cylindrical bony process that rotates within a ring composed partly of bone and partly of ligament
Pivot joints
- allows a wide range if movement in almost any direction
ball-and-socket joints
- condyloid joints
- elongated ball-and-socket joints
Ellipsoid joints
