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HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > Chapter 6: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Body support
  2. Organ protection
  3. Body movement
  4. Minerals storage
  5. Blood cell production
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2
Q

What are the minerals and tissue stored in the bone?

A

Calcium and phoshorous, Adipose tissue

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3
Q

if blood levels of the minerals _______ the minerals are ______ from the bone into the blood

A

decreases, released

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4
Q

If needed _____ is released into the blood and used by other tissues as source of energy

A

Lipids

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5
Q

Blood cell production is called?

A

Hematopoiesis

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6
Q

location of the blood cell production

A

Red bone marrow

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7
Q

Collagen

A
  • provides flexibility
  • resists compression
  • shock absorption of cartilage
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8
Q

proteglycans

A
  • water-trapping proteins
  • makes cartilage smooth and resilient
  • makes up the matrix
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9
Q

What is the primary inorganic material found in the bone matrix?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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10
Q

a rare disorder caused by any one of a number of faulty genes that results in either too little collagen formation, or poor quality collagen. A s a result, the bone matrix has decreased flexibility and is more easily broken than normal bone

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta or brittle bone disease

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11
Q
  • bone building cells
  • produce collagen and proteglycans
  • secretes hydroxyapatite
A

osteoblasts

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12
Q

The formation of new bone by osteoblast is called?

A

Ossification/osteogenesis

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13
Q

When does ossification occur?

A

Fetus: growing larger
Adults: repairing fracture

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14
Q
  • once the osteoblasts produced sufficient bone matrix
  • maintains bone matrix
A

Osteocytes

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15
Q

Where does osteocyte cell bodies housed at?

A

Bone matrix spaces called lacunae

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16
Q

Where is osteocyte cell extensions located?

A

Canaliculi

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17
Q

What does osteocyte cells and extensions do?

A

Form molds where the matrix was formed

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18
Q
  • bone destroying cells
  • develop a ruffled border
A

Osteoclasts

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19
Q

What does the breakdown of bone called?

A

Bone reabsorption

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20
Q

Where does osteoclasts being developed?

A

Red bone marrow

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21
Q

mature bone is also called?

A

Lamellar bone

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22
Q

Where is lamellar bone organized?

A

Lamellae

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23
Q

2 classifications of bone

A

Spongy bone
Compact bone

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24
Q
  • appears porous
  • less bone matrix, more space
A

Spongy bone

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25
Q

What is spongy bone composed of?

A

Plates of bone or trabeculae

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26
Q

What is compact bone also called as?

A

Cortical bone

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27
Q
  • solid outerlayer
  • denser and fewer pores
  • blood vessels enter the substance itself
A

Compact/cortical bone

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28
Q

What is the functional unit of the compact bone?

A

Osteon/harvesian

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29
Q
  • composed of concentric rings of matrix
A

Osteon

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30
Q

the bull’s eye of the target in osteon is called?

A

Central canal

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31
Q

Contains blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue

A

Central canal

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32
Q

Where does the nutrients and waste products from and to the blood vessels being delivered?

A

Osteocytes as they are connected with each other through canaliculi

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33
Q
  • center portion of the bone
A

Diaphysis

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34
Q
  • hollow center
A

Medullar cavity

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35
Q
  • ends of a long bone
A

Epiphyses

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36
Q
  • within joints, the end of a long bone is covered with hyaline cartilage called
A

Articular cartilage

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37
Q
  • also called as growth plate
  • located between epiphyses and diaphysis
A

Epiphyseal plate

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38
Q

Where does the growth of the bone length occur?

A

Epiphyseal plate

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39
Q

When bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate is ossified and is called?

A

Epiphyseal line

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40
Q

Site of blood cell formation

A

Red marrow

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41
Q
  • mostly adipose tissue
  • replaces red marrow in the long bones of the limbs
A

Yellow bone marrow

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42
Q

Source of donated red bone marrow

A

Hip bone

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43
Q
  • connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone
  • some collagen fibers of the tendons and ligaments penetrate which strengthens its attachment to the bone
A

Periosteum

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44
Q
  • single layer of connective tissue
  • lines the internal surfaces of all cavities
A

Endosteum

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45
Q

2 processes of bone formation in fetus

A

Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification

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46
Q
  • 8th week of development - 2 yrs of age
  • starts at the centers of ossification
A

Intramembranous ossification

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47
Q
  • soft spots
  • larger, membrane-covered spaces
  • not yet ossified
A

Frontanels

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48
Q

how does long bones grow

A

Creating new cartilage

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49
Q

When does bone elongation occur?

A

As chondrocytes proliferate, enlarge, die, and replaced by a new bone

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50
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Osteoclasts remove old bone and osteoblasts deposit new bone

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51
Q
  • woven bone to lamellar bone
  • bone growth
  • bone shape
  • adjustment to stress
  • bone repair
  • calcium regulation
A

bone remodeling

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52
Q
  • osteoclasts break down bone matrix
  • osteoblast produce a layer of bone
  • lamellae are produced until osteon is formed
A

Compact bone remodeling

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53
Q
  • bone matrix is removed from trabecula
  • forms cavity
  • filled with new bone matrix
A

Spongy bone remodeling

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54
Q

bone repair process

A

Hematoma formation
Callus formation
Callus ossification
Bone remodeling

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55
Q

15 bone fracture classifications

A
  1. Open fracture
  2. Closed fracture
  3. Complicated fracture
  4. Incomplete fracture
  5. Complete fracture
  6. Greenstick fracture
  7. Hairline fracture
  8. Comminuted fracture
  9. Impacted fracture
  10. Linear fracture
  11. Transverse fracture
  12. Spiral fracture
  13. Oblique fracture
  14. Dentate fracture
  15. Stellate fracture
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56
Q
  • compound fracture
  • open wound extends to the site of fracture
  • fragment of bone protudes through the skin
A

Open fracture

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57
Q
  • skin is not perforated
A

Closed fracture

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58
Q
  • soft tissues around the closed fracture are damaged
A

Complicated fracture

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59
Q
  • does not extend completely across the bone
A

Incomplete fracture

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60
Q
  • the bone is brken into at least two fragments
A

Complete fracture

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61
Q
  • an incomplete fracture to the convex side of the curve of the bone
A

greenstick fracture

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62
Q
  • common in the skull
  • when two sections of bone do not separate
A

Hairline fracture

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63
Q
  • when bone breaks into more than 2 fragments
A

Comminuted fracture

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64
Q
  • one fragment is driven into the spongy portion of the other fragment
A

Impacted fracture

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65
Q
  • run parallel to the length of the bone
A

Linear fracture

66
Q
  • right angles to the length of the bone
A

Transverse fracture

67
Q
  • take a helical course around the bone
A

Spiral fracture

68
Q
  • run obliquely in relation to the length of the bone
A

Oblique fracture

69
Q
  • have rough, toothed, broken ends
A

Dentate fracture

70
Q
  • have breakage lines radiating from a central point
A

Stellate fracture

71
Q
  • a critical physiological regulator
A

Calcium

72
Q

osteoclasts remove calcium from bone, causing blood calcium levels to

A

Increase

73
Q

Osteoblast deposit calcium from bone, causing blood calcium levels to

A

Decrease

74
Q
  • Increases bone breakdown
  • prevents inhibition of osteoclast formation
  • prevents osteoporosis (bone demineralization)
A

Parathyroid

75
Q
  • steroid hormone
  • increases blood calcium levels
  • increase osteoclast activity
A

Calcitriol

76
Q
  • lowers blood calcium level
A

Calcitonin

77
Q

How many bones does adults have?

A

206

78
Q

Total axial bones

A

80

79
Q

Total appendicular bones

A

126

80
Q

4 categories of bone shape

A
  1. Long bones
  2. Short bones
  3. Flat bones
  4. Irregular bones
81
Q

4 categories of bone shape

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
82
Q
  • longer than they are wide
  • enhances function in movement of appendages
A

Long bones

83
Q
  • approximately as wide as they are long
A

Short bones

84
Q
  • strong barrier around soft organs
A

Flat bones

85
Q
  • providing protection while allowing bending or flexing of certain body regions
A

Irregular bones

86
Q
  • consists of 8 cranial bones
  • 14 facial bones
  • 22 bones
A

Skull

87
Q

Parietal bones are joined at the midline by

A

Sagittal suture

88
Q

Frontal bones are joined by

A

Coronal suture

89
Q

Occipital bones are joined by

A

Lambdoid suture

90
Q

Temporal lobe are joined by

A

Squamous suture

91
Q

Points of attachment of neck muscles

A

Nuchal lines

92
Q

The orbits contain the yes

A

Frontal bone

93
Q

The temporal lines are attachment points of the temporalis muscle

A

Parietal bones

94
Q
  • the external suditory canal transmits sound waves toward the eardrum
A

Temporal bones

95
Q

Provide attachement poits for the tounge, hyoid bone, and pharynx

A

Styloid process

96
Q

The spinal cord and brain are connected through the foramen magnum

A

Occipital bone

97
Q

Sinuses within bone are air-filled cavities

A

Sphenoid bone

98
Q

The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum, and the hard palaet separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

A

Ethmoid bone

99
Q
  • not attached to other bones
  • attachment site for the throat and tongue muscles
A

Hyoid bone

100
Q

Contains:
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 1 sacral bone
- 1 coccyx bone

A

Vertebral column

101
Q

Consists of:
- vertebrae
- 12 pairs of ribs (2 of the false ribs are called floating ribs)
- sternum

A

Thoracic cage

102
Q
  • skull
  • auditory ossicles
  • hyoid bone
  • vertebral column
  • thoracic cage
A

Axial skeleton

103
Q

Bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles

A

Appendicular skeleton

104
Q
  • includes scapulae and clavicles
A

Pectoral girdle

105
Q

Consists of
- arm (humerus)
- forearm (ulna and radius)
- wrist (8 carpal bones)
- hand (5 metacarpal bones, 3 phalanges in each finger, and 2 phalanges in the thumb)

A

Upper limb

106
Q

Made up of 2 hip bones:
- sacrum
- coccyx

A

Pelvic girdle

107
Q

Includes:
- thigh (femur)
- leg (tibia and fibula)
- ankle (7 tarsal bones)
- foot (metatarsal bones and phalanges)

A

Lower limb

108
Q
  • bones join together
  • fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
A

Joints

109
Q

Articulating surfaces of two bones
- no joint cavity
- little to no movement
- sutures (fontanels)
- syndesmoses (some distance)
- gomphoses (consists of pegs fitted into sockets)

A

Fibrous joint

110
Q

Hold two bones together by a pad of cartilage
- little to no movement
- synchondroses (hyaline cartilage)
- symphyses (fibrocartilage)

A

Cartilaginous joints

111
Q

Degree of motion in joints

A
  • synarthroses (nonmovable)
  • amohiarthroses (slightly movable)
  • diarthroses (freely movable)
112
Q
  • allow considerable movement
  • mostly at the appendicular skeleton
A

Synovial joints

113
Q

Space around the articular surfaces

A

Joint cavity

114
Q

Surrounds the joint cavity

A

Joint capsule

115
Q
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • holds bones together permitting flexibility
A

Joint capsule

116
Q

Produces synovial fluid which lubricates the joint

A

Synovial membrane

117
Q

Extensions of synovial joint cavities that protects skin, tendons, or bone from structures that rub against them

A

bursae

118
Q

Synovial joints are classified accoring to shape of the adjoining articular surfaces:

A
  1. Plane (two flat surfaces)
  2. Saddle (two saddle-shaped surfaces)
  3. Hinge (concave and convex surfaces)
  4. Pivot (cylindrical projection inside a ring)
  5. Ball-and-socket (rounded surface into a socket)
  6. Ellipsoid (ellipsoid concave and convex surfaces)
119
Q

What are the 15 types of movement?

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
  3. Hyperextension
  4. Plantar flexion
  5. Dorsiflexion
  6. Abduction
  7. Adduction
  8. Pronation
  9. Supination
  10. Eversion
  11. Inversion
  12. Rotation
  13. Circumduction
  14. Protraction
  15. Retraction
120
Q

Bending movement that decreases the angle of joints to bring the articulating bones closer together

A

Flexion

121
Q

Straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint to extend the articulating bones

A

Extension

122
Q

extension of joint beyond 180’

A

Hyperextension

123
Q

Movement of foot towards the plantar surface, as standing on the toes

A

Plantar flexion

124
Q

Movement of foot towards the shin, as walking on the heels

A

Dorsiflexion

125
Q

Away from the median or midsaggital plane

A

Abduction

126
Q

Movement towards the median plane

A

Adduction

127
Q

Palm faces down

A

Pronation

128
Q

Palm faces up

A

Supination

129
Q

Foot faces plantar laterally

A

Eversion

130
Q

Foot faces plantar medially

A

Inversion

131
Q

Turning along its long axis

A

Rotation

132
Q

Moves in tracing the joint (free movement)

A

Circumduction

133
Q

Glides anteriorly

A

Protraction

134
Q

Glides posteriorly

A

Retraction

135
Q

Symptoms:
- pain and stiffness espeially in spine
- easily fractured bones
- loss of height

Treatment:
- dietary calcium and vitamin D
- exercuse
- calcitonin
- alendronate

A

Osteoporosis

136
Q

Abnormally increased body size due to excessive growth at the epiphyseal plate

A

Gigantism

137
Q

Abnormally small body size due to improper growth at the epiphyseal plate

A

Dwarfism

138
Q

is the highest around age 30

A

bone mass

139
Q

Growth retardation due to nutritional deficiencies in minerals or vitamin D; results in bones that are soft, weak, and easily fracture

A

Rickets

140
Q

Lung bacterium that could also affect bone

A

Tuberculosis

141
Q

inflammation of a joint; causes include infectious agents, metabolic disorders, trauma, and immune disease

A

Arthritis

142
Q

softening of adult bones due to calcium depletion; often caused by vitamin D deficiency

A

Osteomalacia

143
Q

General connective tissue autoimmune disease

A

Rheomatoid arthritis

144
Q

Increased productiion and accumulation of uric acid crystals in tissues, including joint capsules

A

Gout

145
Q

Inflammation of bursa

A

Bursitis

146
Q

Deformations of the first metatarsal; bursitis may accompany thisdeformity; irritated by tight shoes

A

Bunion

147
Q

movement of a structure in a superior direction

A

Elevation

148
Q

movement of a structure in an inferior direction

A

Depression

149
Q

Movement of a strcture to one side

A

Excursion

150
Q

A movement unique to the thumb and little finger

A

Opposition

151
Q

Returns the digits to the anatomical position

A

Reposition

152
Q

When the bones remain apart after injury to a joint

A

Separation

153
Q

When the bones of a joint areforcefully pulled apart and the ligaments around the joint are pulled or torn

A

Sprain

154
Q

When the end of one bone is pulled out of the socket in a ball-and-socket, ellipsoid, or pvot joint

A

Dislocation

155
Q
  • gliding joints
  • consist of 2 opposed flat surfaces that glide over each other
A

Plane joints

156
Q
  • consist of 2 saddleshaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other
  • joint beween the metacarpal bone and the carpal bone (trapezium) of the thumb
A

Saddle joints

157
Q
  • permit movement in one plane only
    *menisci - shock absorbing fribrocartilage pads that modify the flat condylar surface of the knee joint
A

Hinge joints

158
Q
  • restrict movement to rotation around a single axis
  • consists of a cylindrical bony process that rotates within a ring composed partly of bone and partly of ligament
A

Pivot joints

159
Q
  • allows a wide range if movement in almost any direction
A

ball-and-socket joints

160
Q
  • condyloid joints
  • elongated ball-and-socket joints
A

Ellipsoid joints

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (7 decks)

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