Chapter 7 Movement Flashcards
Vertebrate muscles
Smooth: control digestive system & other organs
Skeletal (striated muscles): control movement of body in relation to environment
Cardiac muscles: control heart
neuromuscular junction
synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber
antagonistic muscles
opposing sets of muscles needed to moving a leg or arm back and forth
flexor
in elbow
brings hand towards shoulder
extensor
in elbow straightens arm
fast-twitch fibers
muscle type
fast contraction rapid fatigue
anaerobic: do not use oxygen at the time but need it for recovery
slow-twitch fibers
muscle type
less vigorous contractions and no fatigue
aerobic: use oxygen
proprioceptor
a receptor that detects the position or movement of a part of the body
detect the stretch and tension of a muscle and send messages to the spinal cord to adjust signals
stretch reflex
when muscle is stretched spinal cord sends message sends a signal to contract it reflexively
*caused by a stretch, does not produce one
muscle spindle
receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch
sends a message that results in a muscle contraction that opposes the stretch
Golgi tendon organ
proprioceptor
responds to increases in muscle tension
acts as a brake against an excessively vigorous contraction
ballistic movement
executed as a whole
once initiated it cannot be altered
such as a reflex
central pattern generators
neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output
ex. wing flapping in birds, fin movements, “wet dog shake”
motor program
a fixed sequence of movements
once begun, fixed from beginning to end
can be learned
ex. mouse licking paws, rubbing on face, licking paws
Primary motor cortex
elicits movements
not directly
