Chapter 7 Movement

Question 1

Vertebrate muscles

Answer 1

Smooth: control digestive system & other organs

Skeletal (striated muscles): control movement of body in relation to environment

Cardiac muscles: control heart

Question 2

neuromuscular junction

Answer 2

synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber

Question 3

antagonistic muscles

Answer 3

opposing sets of muscles needed to moving a leg or arm back and forth

Question 4

flexor

Answer 4

in elbow

brings hand towards shoulder

Question 5

extensor

Answer 5

in elbow straightens arm

Question 6

fast-twitch fibers

Answer 6

muscle type
fast contraction rapid fatigue

anaerobic: do not use oxygen at the time but need it for recovery

Question 7

slow-twitch fibers

Answer 7

muscle type
less vigorous contractions and no fatigue

aerobic: use oxygen

Question 8

proprioceptor

Answer 8

a receptor that detects the position or movement of a part of the body

detect the stretch and tension of a muscle and send messages to the spinal cord to adjust signals

Question 9

stretch reflex

Answer 9

when muscle is stretched spinal cord sends message sends a signal to contract it reflexively

*caused by a stretch, does not produce one

Question 10

muscle spindle

Answer 10

receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch

sends a message that results in a muscle contraction that opposes the stretch

Question 11

Golgi tendon organ

Answer 11

proprioceptor
responds to increases in muscle tension
acts as a brake against an excessively vigorous contraction

Question 12

ballistic movement

Answer 12

executed as a whole
once initiated it cannot be altered
such as a reflex

Question 13

central pattern generators

Answer 13

neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output
ex. wing flapping in birds, fin movements, “wet dog shake”

Question 14

motor program

Answer 14

a fixed sequence of movements
once begun, fixed from beginning to end
can be learned
ex. mouse licking paws, rubbing on face, licking paws

Question 15

Primary motor cortex

Answer 15

elicits movements

not directly

Question 16

supplementary motor cortex

Answer 16

stops habitual action

Question 17

premotor cortex

Answer 17

before a movement

receives information about the target the body is directing a movement to

Question 18

prefrontal cortex

Answer 18

before movemnt

possible outcomes of movment

Question 19

corticospinal tracts

Answer 19

paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

lateral- one side

medial- both sides

Question 20

red nucleus

Answer 20

lateral corticospinal track

controls arm movements

Question 21

lateral cortiospinal tract

Answer 21

fine movements

both sides

Question 22

medial cortiospinal tract

Answer 22

mid spinal cord

large movements