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psyc 213 - cognition > chapter 7: memory part 2 > Flashcards

chapter 7: memory part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how is information typically stored in long-term memory?
a. in terms of its sound
b. in terms of its meaning
c. in terms of its visual appearance
d. in terms of its emotional content

A

b. in terms of its meaning

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2
Q

amnesia is defined as having …

A

severely imparied long-term memory capacities due to trauma, or brain damage

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3
Q

define retrograde amnesia

A

common following a traumatic brain injury, in which events taking place leading up to an incident (car crash) are often forgotten

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4
Q

define anterograde amnesia

A

difficulty remembering any new information that the person encounters

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5
Q

Henry Gustav Molaison had his hippocampus removed to cure his epilepsy, which caused him to have anterograde amnesia. Describe his case

A
  • intelligence and cognition still functional
  • unable to form long-term memories
  • short-term memory intact
    evidence that STM and LTM rely on different brain mechanisms
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6
Q

Would Henry Gustav Molaison be able to imagine the future

A

no, imagining the future depends on episodic memory
- requires same structure as remembering past

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7
Q

True or false? LTM has limited capacity but no quantified limit of duration

A

false, LTM lacks duration and capacity limit

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8
Q

define maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating information over and over, without any additional thought about the information

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9
Q

define elaborative rehearsal

A

technique for storing info in LTM that involves elaborating on the meaning of info

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10
Q

explain Clive Wearing’s condition, the patient with retrograde AND anterograde amnesia

A

retrograde:
- speaks as if he has been waking up from a long black void without experiences from past years
anterograde:
- unable to form LTM
STM intact

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11
Q

why do patients with Alzheimer’s disease perform worse at match-to-sample task

A

less connectivity between prefrontal lobe and hippocampal regions
- impaired STM capacities

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12
Q

define the serial position effect

A

recall of long words in which words at the beginning and end of the list are remembered better than those in the middle of the list

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13
Q

name and explain the two effects in the serial position effect

A

primacy effect: first items can be rehearsed
recency effect: last items still in STM

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14
Q

how would you be able to remove the recency effect

A

adding a 30sec delay and recalling after
- go over capacity of STM

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15
Q

define the level of processing theory

A

theory of LTM encoding that holds that depth of meaning during processing determines how likely an item it to be recalled

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16
Q

explain the experiment used to explain the level processing theory

A
  • 3 conditions: case, rhyming, sentence completion
  • free-recall task
  • recall better when there is deeper processing
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17
Q

even if some information is stored in the brain, it is not truly remembered until…

A

it can be retrieved from memory to produce a behavioral response

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18
Q

what are some methods used to improve memory

A

mnemonic devices
chunking

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19
Q

define transfer-appropriate processing

A

account for which info is remembered in LTM that emphasizes a match in form between when the info is initially encoded and when it is retrieved

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20
Q

what is the encoding specificity hypothesis

A

memory retrieval is better when there is overlap with encoding context
- internal state (state-dependent learning)
- external env

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21
Q

in addition to the depth of encoding and encoding specificity, what are 3 other factors that affect memory

A

elaboration and organization
spacing effect
testing effect

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22
Q

define explicit memory (declarative memory)

A

memory for all information that can be verbally reported

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23
Q

what are the two subdivision of explicit memory

A

episodic: memory of events that have happened directly to us in our lives that we’re able to recall in sequence
semantic: info is recalled as a set of facts without mental time travel

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24
Q

what are the neurological differences (lobes) between semantic and episodic memory

A

semantic: frontal and parietal lobe (executive function and decision-making)
episodic: occipital and temporal lobes (sensory info)

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25
Q

define implicit memory

A

form of LTM in which the individual does not have explicit awareness of knowing the info but where the info has indirect effects on behavior

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26
Q

what are the two subdivision of implicit memory

A

procedural: knowledge on how to perform a task
priming: prior exposure facilitates info processing without awareness

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27
Q

which brain regions are important for procedural memory

A

basal ganglia: process motor sequence
prefrontal cortex: organization

28
Q

explain the word-fragment completion test

A
  • Ps shown list of words
  • asked to complete word fragments
  • results: likely to use prior words to complete fragments
29
Q

explain the two types of implicit bias called
- familiarity effect
- propaganda effect

A

familiarity: tend to rate smt more favorably if they have encountered it before than if they haven’t
propaganda: tend to rate statements they’ve heard before more likely to be true compared to statements they have never heard

30
Q

patient S.M. does not experience fear because she has bilateral damage to what part of her brain?

A

amygdala

31
Q

between explicit and implicit memory, which tends to be more susceptible to forgetting

A

explicit memory

32
Q

define consolidation

A

process of making memories durable and permanent

33
Q

name and explain the two types of consolidation

A

synaptic consolidation: changes at the synapses between neurons that lead to LTM storage
systems consolidation: connections between cortical areas, orchestrated by hippocampus

34
Q

explain what is long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

occurs when receiving neuron becomes more likely to fire over time

35
Q

define hippocampal replay

A

sequence of brain activity that has been observed during behavioral activity is repeated or “replayed” after the initial encoding event

36
Q

explain the process of hippocampal replay

A
  • hippocampus records cortical regions co-activated during a task
  • during replay, co-activation regenerated by hippocampus
  • after consolidation, mature connections set in place, hippocampus no longer needed
37
Q

why is the impairment of memory reduced further as we go further back in time?

A

because events that happened right before an incident have not had time to consolidate like memories that happened further back

38
Q

what is the forgetting curve

A

memory loss is exponential
- largest early on and slows down

39
Q

name and explain two ways for deep encoding

A
  • self-reference effect
  • generation effect
40
Q

describe patient KC’s case, the patient with impaired episodic memory

A
  • recognized his writing, remembered his job, general knowledge
  • did not have day-to-day memory
41
Q

in Vargha-Khadem’s research (1997), how was the memory of children born with hippocampal damage affected

A

episodic memory impaired: can’t copy image after delay
semantic memory preserved
episodic depends on hippocampus

42
Q

according to Tulving, LTM could be divided into three levels of consciousness. name and differentiate them

A

anoetic: no awareness or personal engagement
noetic: awareness but no personal engagement
autonoetic: awareness and personal engagement
- mental time travel

43
Q

what are personal semantics?

A

general events from their personal past. like a mix between semantic and episodic
- autobiographical facts
- repeated events

44
Q

True or false? The neural pattern of semantic and episodic memory are completely different

A

false, they overlap

45
Q

What is the reappearance hypothesis of episodic memory

A

episodic memory is recalled the same way at each retrieval
- reproduced, not reconstructed

46
Q

what are flashbulb memories

A

vivid memories of significant events
- emotionally arousing or shocking events
- retrieve specific details abt time and place when hearing abt event

47
Q

True or false, unlike everyday memories flashbulb memories do not change in details contained in the recollection

A

false, they change just like everyday memories
- confidence level in intact recollection ↑ w flashbulbs memories

48
Q

how can memories be distort during memory reconstruction

A
  • infer the way things “must have been” based on our schemas (interplay with semantic memory)
  • may include new or false info
49
Q

why would schemas distort memories

A
  • organize and categorize info
  • provide expectations abt how things should occur
50
Q

explain Bartlett’s (1932) the ‘War of Ghosts’ experiment and its findings

A

Ps read unfamiliar Native American folk story
- lose details over time
- memories changed to match schemas
- Ps omit strange things and alter story to match schema

51
Q

What were the conclusions drawn from the experiment where you had to recall if a word appeared in a list previously shown

A
  • Ps tend to falsely remember semantically related lure words more than unrelated words
  • semantic memory influences episodic memory
52
Q

name and explain 3 false memories effects

A
  1. misattribution effect: retrieving familiar info from wrong source
  2. misinformation effect: when details are added
    - leading questions cause false memory formation
  3. implanting memories
53
Q

what are some virtues of reconstructive memory

A
  • can reconstruct and form novel hypothetical mental simulations in our minds
  • help us imagine the future
  • neural overlap between thinking abt past event and imagining future
54
Q

define memory integration

A

related memories become interconnected via prefrontal cortex
- hippocampal processes to form generalized knowledge

55
Q

how are habits developed, how do deliberate actions become routine

A
  • initially rely on explicit memory
  • w training/exposure, will rely on implicit
56
Q

explain Smith&Graybiel’s (2013) experiment on the rats in the T-shaped maze

A
  • one tone→left end: choc milk
  • another tone→right end: sugar water
    rely on the striatum

break habit: must change habit-beh to get wanted reward

57
Q

what are conditioned emotional responses

A

automatic responses to smt scary (snakes, dark, etc)

58
Q

what is dissociative amnesia

A
  • retrograde amnesia for episodic memories & autobiographical knowledge
  • shifts lifestyle (moving, new identity)
  • response to psych/physical trauma
59
Q

what are the neurological effects of dissociative amnesia

A
  • hypometabolism in lateral prefrontal cortex
  • impaired executive processes
  • retrieval deficit, not storage deficit issue
60
Q

what are some causes of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • 63% of all dementia cases
  • earliest symptom is deficit in episodic memory (cell death begins in MTL)
  • genetics, alcoholism, depression, sleep apnea
61
Q

what are 2 things you could do to prevent Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • sleep
  • engage brain in variety of activities
62
Q

explain the Alzheimer’s disease trajectory linked to the brain

A
  1. hippocampus & entorhinal cortex (MTL): memory loss
  2. lateral temporal and parietal lobes: reading prob, ↓ object recog, ↓ direction sense
  3. frontal lobe: ↓ judgment, impulsivity, short attention
  4. widespread brain atrophy: loss of language, basic motor skill, function prob
63
Q

how can music help with AD

A
  • spared pathway can help reopen the past
  • improves mood, reduces stress = ↑ cognition
  • created alternate procedural memory pathway
64
Q

how does the brain change with aging? which type of memory is affected

A
  • volume loss: ~5% per decade after 40y/o
  • not all regions affected equally
  • implicit and semantic intact
  • episodic is impaired (starts ↓ at 20y/o)
65
Q

what is the associative deficit hypothesis

A

older adults have problems encoding and retrieving associations in memory due to hippocampal atrophy
- familiarity good
- recollection bad

66
Q

explain Cabeza et al’s (2002) experiment on adaptive cognitive aging

A

3 groups: young adults, old-high, old-low
- YA & old-low used right PFC
- old-high used bilateral PFC
proof of neural compensation

psyc 213 - cognition (13 decks)

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