Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psyc 213 - cognition > chapter 4: perception > Flashcards

chapter 4: perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between sensation and perception

A

sensation: conversion of physical properties of the world or body into a neural code by the PNS
perception: processing and interpretation of sensory information into a form that is useful for a behavioral decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

perception takes place in the … in the nervous system
a. spinal cord
b. sensory receptors
c. motor neurons
d. brain

A

d. brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define exteroception

A

the sensing and processing of information from the external environment through the five basic senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define interoception

A

sensing and processing of stimuli inside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

differentiate proprioception, nociception and equilibrioception

A

proprioception: sense of where in space our limbs are
nociception: sense of pain due to bodily damage
equilibrioception: sense of balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when entering the eye, name the components light goes through

A

focused by the cornea
enters through small opening in the iris, called pupil
focused more by the lens
travels to retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

name the two types of photoreceptors in the retina

A

rods and cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which photoreceptors are better for seeing under lower lighting and have reduced resolution

A

rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how come rod vision is color blind

A

all rods respond equally to different wavelengths of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is called the center of the retina

A

fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why is it necessary to compress the amount of information that the retina needs to send to the brain

A

can restrict the movement of the eye if optic nerve is too fat. since it passes through retina, it can restrict the number of photoreceptors that the retina can contain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the role of the thalamus

A

way-station between sensory inputs and cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which of the following categories would neurons at the lowest level of the visual stream likely be selective for?
a. specific shapes
b. oriented edges
c. spots of light
d. specific objects and faces

A

c. spots of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define prosopagnosia

A

marked difficulty in recognizing individual faces. no general visual or memory difficulties but can’t identify whose face it it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is semantic agnosia

A

can recognize faces, but not everyday objects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when is the lateral occipital cortex (LOC) more active

A

when people engage in object recognition tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe the greebles study and the conclusion that was pulled from it

A

participants had difficulty discriminating between visually similar Greebles. After a while, they became proficient. The Greebles activated the FFA, just as faces do
Conclusion: FFA is specialized for visual “expertise” not for faces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the two different visual streams and which aspects do they process

A

ventral stream processes the “what” aspects
dorsal stream processes the “where” aspects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the five basic taste receptors types

A

sweetness, sourness, saltiness, bitterness, savoriness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or false? In gustation, the sensory neurons send their signal through the spinal cord

A

false, they send it through the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the olfactory epithelium

A

strip of tissue in nasal cavity that contains tens of millions of chemical sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

in the olfactory system, to which part of the brain do sensory neurons send transduced chemical information to

A

the olfactory bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

in order, what are the structures sound goes through when it enters the ear

A

pinna captures
ear canal amplifies
ear drum amplifies
ossicles relay
cochlea contains fluid
basilar membrane containing hair cells vibrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hair cells at the … starting point respond to … frequency sound, hair cells at the … starting point respond to … frequency sound
a. outer; high; inner; lower
b. outer; low; inner; high

A

a. outer; high; inner; lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in which lobe is the primary auditory cortex situated

A

temporal lobe

26
Q

what are sound waves

A

oscillating movement in the air caused by vibrations of objects in the environment

27
Q

what are the two properties of sound waves

A

frequency: distance between crests of waves
amplitude: height from trough to crest of wave

28
Q

which cortex of the brain receives sensory information from all across the body and in which lobe is it located

A

somatosensory cortex in the temporal lobe

29
Q

what is the cortical homunculus

A

spatially organized map of the human body that processes touch information

30
Q

what is the constructivist theory of perception

A

use of sensory information to generate a mental model of the environment that would have caused the sensory stimulus

31
Q

what is the direct model of perception

A

approach to perception that holds that the sensory stimuli guides behavior/action in a continuous perception/action loop

32
Q

when a material absorbs a lot of light, how does it affect how the material is perceived?
a. it will appear light
b. it will appear dark
c. it will appear colorful
d. it will lack color

A

b. it will appear dark

33
Q

what do illusions reveal about the assumptions that the brain makes during perception
a. perception is not as useful as sensation
b. these assumptions are usually incorrect
c. perception often depends on guesses
d. our brains cannot be tricked

A

c. perception often depends on guesses

34
Q

define the bi-stable property

A

property of a stimulus that has alternating stable perceptual interpretations

35
Q

define bottom up processing

A

processing that does not require any specific knowledge of the stimulus

36
Q

define top-down processing

A

processing where we leverage knowledge or expectations that are not in the sensory stimulus itself

37
Q

define phonemic restoration effect

A

brain “filling in” missing sounds from a speech signal, based on expectations about which sounds belong in that portion of speech

38
Q

define image segmentation

A

brain’s ability to divide up the image into different objects and regions

39
Q

what is figure-ground assignment

A

determinating which side of the boundary contains the shape and the background

40
Q

what are the three figure-ground clues and why

A

convexity: figures tend to have convex shape
symmetry: figures usually display bilateral symmetry
smaller region: figures are usually smaller than background

41
Q

define visual grouping

A

combining spatially separate regions into unified wholes

42
Q

according to the Gestaltists, what are the three grouping cues and explain them

A

law of similarity: tendency to group features that have similar properties
law of proximity: tendency to group features that are close together
law of good continuation: tendency to group features to form a smooth, continuous path rather than one with a sharp discontinuity

43
Q

what is the function of depth perception

A

figuring out how far an object is away from you to interact with it and determines its shape

44
Q

name the cues to depth perception

A
  • object that occlude other objects are assumed to be in front
  • motion parallax: objects farther away will change their position more slowly on your retina as you move
  • binocular disparity: the image on each two eye is different
45
Q

what is stereopsis

A

the use of binocular disparity to perceive depth. the higher in depth, the higher disparity. the lower in depth, the lower disparity

46
Q

what aspects of having two eyes may be used to perceive depth
a. image features will have different sizes in the two retinas
b. image features will fall on the same locations in the two retinas
c. image features will have the same sizes in the two retinas
d. image features will fall on different locations in the two retinas

A

d. image features will fall on different locations in the two retinas

47
Q

what is the template model of recognition

A

matching an object to an image stored in memory

48
Q

why are template models abject failures when trying to recognize objects in the real world

A

because every time you view an object, the image it produces on your retina is different due to external factors (depth, lighting, viewpoint)

49
Q

differentiate these two types of recognition: identification and classification

A

identification: ability to identify the same object or person across variations
classification: determining whether a given image corresponds to a class or category

50
Q

define scene schema

A

learned representation of which objects tend to appear in specific kinds of scenes

51
Q

true or false? recognition does not require top-down processing

A

false, the use of past experience to make inferences about current sensory information provides a context which affects recognition

52
Q

define synaesthesia

A

neurological condition in which one sense automatically triggers the experiences of another sense

53
Q

describe the early visual process

A
  1. light waves enter the eye and are projected onto the retina
  2. photoreceptors in retina convert light to electrical activity
  3. electrical signal is sent to bipolar cells then ganglion cells
  4. signal exits through optic nerve to brain
54
Q

why do we not ‘see’ our blindspot

A
  • perceptual filling-in
  • left and right visual field compensate for each other’s blindspot
55
Q

what is the function of the visual association area

A

interprets visual information and assigns meaning

56
Q

define akinetopsia

A

visual motion blindness: cannot see motion. perceives motion as a series of stationary objects

57
Q

define optic ataxia

A

inability to reach for objects with the ability to name objects

58
Q

what is the difference between apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia

A

apperceptive: problems perceiving objects
associative: problems assigning meaning or labelling objects

59
Q

what is the prototype theory

A
  • recognition determined by a ‘good enough’ match (resemblance)
  • allows for ‘flexible’ object identification
60
Q

what are the two pathways that process different auditory information

A

dorsal: sound localisation
ventral: sound properties

psyc 213 - cognition (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions