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Cognitive Psychology 311 > Chapter 7 Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the decay theory of forgetting.

A

Memory traces lose strength with time

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2
Q

Define the interference theory of forgetting.

A

Memory traces are replaced (and overwritten) with other memories; older memory can interfere with new memory and new memory can interfere with older memories

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3
Q

What is the fan effect/What happens when you learn more facts about a concept?

A

You have slower retrieval about any one fact because the information competes with each other.

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4
Q

What are the two kinds of interference?

A

Proactive and retroactive interference

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5
Q

Define proactive interference

A

Old memories interfere with more recent memories

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6
Q

Define Retroactive interference

A

New memories overwrite old memories

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7
Q

What type of interference does a large amount of stimuli tend toward?

A

Proactive interference

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8
Q

What theory of forgetting is correct?

A

Both decay and interference

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9
Q

How does context affect memory?

A

The closer the context for encoding and retrieval, the easier retrieval is

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10
Q

What types of context affect memory?

A

emotional, semantic, and environmental

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11
Q

Define the encoding specificity principle

A

The probability of retrieving a memory depends on the similarity of the moment of retrieval to its original encoding

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12
Q

What were the results of the Godden and Baddeley principle (1975)?

A

Support for the encoding specificity principle; a dry learning environment was good for dry recall environment (wet for wet)

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13
Q

How does mood/emotional context affect memory?

A

it is easier to remember happy memories when we are happy; in laboratory: participants in a good mood are better at recalling positive words

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14
Q

What is the difference between mood and emotion?

A

Mood is an all day thing; emotion is a more microlevel thing

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15
Q

Define state-dependent learning

A

it is easier to recall information when you are in the same emotional, physical state as when you learned the information

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16
Q

Define Karsakoff Syndrome

A

Loss of memory, memory dysfunction due to chronic alcoholism

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17
Q

Define Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memories that occurred before an injury

18
Q

Define Anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of ability to create new memories; short term memories cannot be stored as long-term

19
Q

Define Implicit Memory

A

Knowledge that we cannot consciously recall

20
Q

Define explicit memory

A

knowledge that we can consciously recall

21
Q

Which type of memory suffers with amnesia?

A

explicit memory

22
Q

What type of memory is priming?

A

Implicit memory

23
Q

What does the existence of priming with amnesia demonstrate?

A

we have independent and separable memory systems

24
Q

What area of the brain is responsible for explicit memory?

A

the hippocampal regions

25
Q

What area of the brain is responsible for implicit memory?

A

the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex

26
Q

Define declarative memory

A

Knowledge of things that can be vocalized

27
Q

What type of memory is declarative memory?

A

explicit memory

28
Q

Define nondeclarative memory

A

includes procedural memory, priming, conditioning, and habituation

29
Q

What type of memory is nondeclarative memory?

A

implicit memory

30
Q

Define procedural memory

A

knowledge of how to perform tasks such as writing and riding a bike

31
Q

What disorders come from damage to the temporal lobe?

A

Korsakoff syndrome and amnesia

32
Q

What type of memory is episodic memory?

A

form of explicit memory, normally interrupted in amnesiacs

33
Q

Define episodic memory

A

memory for autobiographical events; possibly uniquely human because it requires “mental time-travel”

34
Q

Who suggested episodic memory is mental time-travel?

A

Tulving

35
Q

Who studied false memory?

A

Elizabeth Loftus in the 1990s

36
Q

What did the Loftus and Pickerall (1995) study show?

A

False memories can be created through suggestive use of interview

37
Q

What did the Loftus & Palmer (1974) study show?

A

Participants given the word “bumped” reported slower speeds than people given the word “smashed” in car simulation

38
Q

What did the Deese 1959 /Roeidger study show?

A

Report of association words in list where is was not actually present; activation model of Long-Term Memory

39
Q

What does neuroimaging say about false memory?

A

The hippocampus treats memories (true or false) the same

40
Q

What part of the brain treats false memories differently than true memories

A

the parahippocampus (higher activation for true memories)

Cognitive Psychology 311 (6 decks)

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