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PSYCH 100 > Chapter 7: Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

ability to take in, solidify, store, and use information

A

memory

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2
Q

Four steps to forming memories

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Consolidation
  3. Storage
  4. Retrieval
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3
Q

brain attends to, takes in, and integrates new information

A

encoding

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4
Q

little effort or conscious attention - encoding that occurs without you meaning for it to happen

A

automatic processing

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5
Q

ex: remembering what I ate for breakfast without intending to remember

A

automatic processing

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6
Q

careful attention and conscious effort

A

effortful processing

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7
Q

method used to help us remember information

A

mnemonic device

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8
Q

establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying memory

A

consolidation

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9
Q

retention of memory over time

A

storage

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10
Q

organize information from most common to most specific

A

hierarchies

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11
Q

mental frameworks; from experience with people, objects, or events

A

schemas

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12
Q

ex: set of expectations on the objects, what is supposed to happen, and what to do in a restaurant

A

restaurant schema

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13
Q

chain of association between related concepts

A

associative network

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14
Q

ex: strong neural connection between fire engines and the color red

A

associative network

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15
Q

recovery of information stored in memory

A

retrieval

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16
Q

aids to memory formation and retrieval

A

attention, sleep, emotion, depth of processing, retrieval cues, spreading activation, encoding specificity

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17
Q

protects memories from being forgotten; makes memories more accessible to recall

A

sleep

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18
Q

generally better at remembering emotional memories than factual ones

A

emotion

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19
Q

detailed snapshot for what we were doing when we first heard about a major, public, and emotionally charged even

A

flashbulb memory

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20
Q

shallow - just looking at the structure of the word

A

structural/visual encoding

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21
Q

intermediate - make a judgement on the acoustic formation of the word (rhyming word, etc)

A

phonemic

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22
Q

deep - when you think about the meaning of words

A

semantic

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23
Q

prompt that helps access information in memory (question, or can use physical space)

A

retrieval cues

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24
Q

activation goes to all nodes that are attached to a node that is turned on

A

spreading activation

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25
Q

ex: when witnessing a robbery, victim isn’t able to describe details of the actual robber

A

weapons focus

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26
Q

tendency to remember events to be more positive than they actually were

A

rosy retrospection

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27
Q

classification of memories based on duration as sensory, short term, and long term

A

three-stage model

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28
Q

memory for your sense information

A

sensory memory

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29
Q

capacity and duration for sensory memory

A

capacity: unlimited
duration: fractions of a second

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30
Q

temporary storage system

A

short term memory

31
Q

capacity and duration of short term memory

A

capacity: 7+/- 2 units/pieces of info
duration: about 30 seconds

32
Q

permanent storage

A

long term memory

33
Q

capacity and duration of long term memory

A

capacity: unlimited
duration: unlimited

34
Q

once information enters short term memory (4 possibilities)

A
  1. can go to long term storage
  2. engage in rehearsal to keep repeating it in short term memory
  3. use info in some way
  4. loss of storage
35
Q

assuming info gets passed into long term memory (2 possibilities)

A
  1. info gets lost over time
  2. retrieve the information and pass it back to short term memory
36
Q

holds information in original sensory form for a brief period of time: fraction of a second

A

sensory memory

37
Q

sensory memory for visual information

A

iconic memory

38
Q

sensory memory for auditory information

A

echoic memory

39
Q

U shaped function describes that memory is best at the beginning and end of the list - memory for the stuff in the middle is poor

A

serial position curve

40
Q

within the broader curve, remembering stuff from the beginning

A

primacy effect

41
Q

good memory for items at the end of a list

A

recency effect

42
Q

you have worker systems that are responsible for processing information

A

working memory model

43
Q

takes care of memory for visual or spatial memory

A

visuospatial sketchpad

44
Q

short term memories for experiences that you have

A

episodic buffer

45
Q

processes auditory and/or linguistic information

A

phonological loop

46
Q

allocates mental resources to other subsystems

A

central executive

47
Q

memories for things you can consciously declare

A

explicit memory

48
Q

memories for personal/specific events

A

episodic memory

49
Q

memory for facts and information

A

semantic memory

50
Q

changes in behavior as a result of experience

A

implicit memory

51
Q

knowing how to carry out certain tasks

A

procedural memory

52
Q

previous experience influences future behavior

A

priming

53
Q

recalibration of perceptual skills from experience

A

perceptual learning

54
Q

learning about associations among stimuli

A

classical conditioning

55
Q

memories for events that never happened but were suggested by someone or something

A

false memory

56
Q

imagining what an experience would have been like if you experienced an event

A

imagination inflation

57
Q

memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time until some later events bring it to consciousness

A

recovered memories

58
Q

information learned after an original event is wrong or misleading but gets incorporated into the memory as true

A

misinformation effect

59
Q

weakening or loss of memories over timeq

A

forgetting

60
Q

disruption of memory because other information competes what we are trying to recall

A

interference

61
Q

old information makes it difficult to learn new information

A

proactive interference

62
Q

new information makes it difficult to recall old information

A

retroactive interference

63
Q

gradual fading of physical memory trace

A

decay

64
Q

if ___ is the reason why you forget something, you’re never getting that memory back

A

decay

65
Q

results from inattention to a critical piece of information (never stored in memory to begin with)

A

encoding failure

66
Q

ex: never learned the information in the first place, so you are not able to retrieve

A

encoding failure

67
Q

inability to retrieve information that was once stored

A

blocking

68
Q

ex: tip of the tongue

A

blocking

69
Q

basic defense mechanism that banished anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

A

repression

70
Q

lose memory for things that happened prior to an injury

A

retrograde

71
Q

unable to form new memories

A

anterograde

72
Q

degenerative disease - gradually gets worse over time

A

dementia

73
Q

memory loss has a sudden onset - can be caused by viral infections

A

amnesia

PSYCH 100 (7 decks)

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