Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders Flashcards
group, or cluster of related symptoms that are characteristic of a disorder
syndrome
4D’s of syndrome
- Disturbance of thought, emotion of behavior
- Dysfunction of biological or developmental processes
- Distress or disability in everyday life
- Deviant thought, emotion, or behavior
occurrence of two or more psychological disorders at the same time
comorbidity
example of comorbidity
depression and anxiety tend to be comorbid –> usually anxiety leads to depression
disorders of thought and perception, characterized by inability to distinguish between real and imagine perceptions
psychotic disorder
significant disturbances in thought, emotion, and perception
schizophrenia
symptoms of schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, negative symptoms
when the affected person thinks they are higher status than what they actually are
delusions of grandeur
when you think that someone is out to get you
delusions of persecution
hearing voices that aren’t actually there –> can point to a specific point in which the voices are coming from
auditory hallucination
disturbances in your perceptions
hallucinations
the presence of inappropriate behaviors (hallucinations, disorganized or delusional talking)
positive symptoms
the absence of appropriate behaviors (expressionless, rigid bodies)
negative symtpoms
problems with working memory, attention, reasoning, problem solving, etc
cognitive symptoms
explanation of origin disorders as combination of biological predispositions plus stress or abusive environment
diathesis-stress model
Causes of schizophrenia:
maternal infections (influenza, rubella), abuse/neglect during periods of critical brain growth
pruning is (increased/decreased) in individuals with schizophrenia
increased
includes all forms of depression, including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder
depressive disorders
symptoms last for at least 2 consecutive weeks
major depressive disorder
- depressed mood that stays low
- reduced interest/pleasure in doing anything
- significant weight change
- sleep disturbances
- sluggishness or restlessness
- daily fatigue/loss of energy
- daily feelings of worthlessness
- difficulty concentrating
- recurrent thoughts of death
major depressive disorder
___% of overall US population has major depressive disorder
7%
same symptoms as major depressive disorder, but less severe symptoms
persistent depressive disorder
sense of powerlessness that arises from repeated inability to control or escape stressful situations
learned helplessness
origins of depression
stressful event and/or biochemical factors
severe mood fluctuations, cycling between very low (depressive) and very high (manic) moods
bipolar disorder
increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, “racing” thoughts –> lasts at least a week
manic episodes
same symptoms as mania, but less severe
hypomanic episodes
- criteria for mania for at least 7 days
- depressive symptoms
- full blown mania
Bipolar I
- criteria for hypomania for at least 4 days
- depressive symptoms
- highs aren’t quite as high, but the lows are just as low
Bipolar II
a relatively mild form of bipolar disorder
cyclothymia
bipolar disorder and depression work on different ____
neurotransmitters
causes of bipolar disorder
- prenatal alcohol exposure
- abnormalities in the brain
- potential genetic contribution
- hormone imbalances
generalized state of apprehension or tension
anxiety
symptoms: trouble with sleep, body restlessness/agitation, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension –> lasts at least 6 months
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder associated with perceptions of threat and occurring because of fear of danger, inability to escape, embarrassment, or specific objects
panic attacks
disorder characterized by panic attacks and persistent anxiety about having more attacks
panic disorder
diagnosis of panic disorder
attack followed by at least one month of persistent worry over future attacks
ongoing and irrational fear of a particular object, situation, or activity
phobia
fear of humiliation in the presence of others, characterized by intense self-consciousness about appearance or behavior or both
social phobia
fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available should a panic attack occur
agoraphobia
phobia of a particular object or situation
specific phobia
origins of anxiety disorders - 3 biological factors
- GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter) deficiencies
- Genetic heritage
- Personality (high neuroticism and high introversion)
disorder that involves intrusive and persistent cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms triggered by catastrophic or horrifying events
posttraumatic stress disorder
diagnosis of PTSD
- directly experience traumatic event
- witness event occurring to others
- learned of violent or accidental extreme trauma occurring to a loved one
- repeatedly exposed to or reminded of details of such event
