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PSYCH 100 > Chapter 13: Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

our personality resides in the unconscious and early childhood experiences lay the foundation for adult personality

A

psychoanalytic theory

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2
Q

unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize that individual

A

personality

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3
Q

two key components of personality

A

uniqueness and consistency

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4
Q

a disposition to behave in a particular way

A

trait

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5
Q

the points at which a person moves from not having a particular response to having one

A

behavioral thresholds

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6
Q

personality is _______ distributed across a population

A

normally distributed

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7
Q

_____’s theory is that the idea that the unconscious is the most powerful force in personality

A

Freud’s

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8
Q

what we are aware of at any given moment

A

conscious

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9
Q

just below the surface of awareness

A

preconscious

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10
Q

contains all the drives, urges, or instincts that are outside awareness but nonetheless motivate most of our speech, thoughts, or actions

A

unconscious

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11
Q

people are encouraged to speak about anything on their minds without censoring their thoughts

A

free association

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12
Q

Freud developed an elaborate system for interpreting the meaning of ___, as they were the best way to understand a person’s unconscious

A

dreams

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13
Q

Three “provinces” or regions involved in the control and regulation of impulses

A

id, ego, superego

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14
Q

Id: age of first development

A

birth

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15
Q

Id: core characteristcis

A
  • based on pleasure-desire
  • impulse driven
  • “do it”
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16
Q

Freud’s personality theory that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflict’s

A

psychoanalysis

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17
Q

Ego: core characteristics

A
  • based on realistic constraints
  • sense of “self,” “me,” “I”
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18
Q

Ego: age of first development

A

2 or 3 years old

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19
Q

Superego: core characteristics

A
  • based on what should be
  • right-wrong (conscience)
  • impulse control
  • “don’t do it”
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20
Q

superego: age of first development

A

3 or 4 years old

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21
Q

the seat of impulse and desire; the part of our personality that we do not yet own; it owns or controls us; “pleasure principle”

A

Id

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22
Q

a sense of self; the only part of the mind that is in direct contact with the outside world; operates on the “reality principle”

A

ego

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23
Q

the part of the self that monitors and controls behavior, “stands over us” and evaluates actions in terms of right and wrong; our conscience

A

superego

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24
Q

people who are overly impulsive and pleasure seeking have an uncontrolled _____

A

id

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25
Q

unconscious strategies the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way

A

defense mechanisms

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26
Q

the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness

A

repression

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27
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages: pleasure centers on the mouth - sucking, biting, chewing

A

oral (0-18 months)

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28
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages: pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

A

anal (18-36 months)

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29
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages: pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

A

phallic (3-6 years)

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30
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages: a phase of dormant sexual feelings

A

latency (6 to puberty)

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31
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages: maturation of sexual interests

A

genital (puberty on)

32
Q

during phallic stage, boy’s sexual desire towards mother; jealousy and hatred towards father; castration anxiety

A

oedipus complex

33
Q

girl’s development of penis envy; attachment to father; fear of mother

A

electra complex

34
Q

Defense Mechanism:
retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixed

A

regression

35
Q

Defense Mechanism:
switching unacceptable impulse into their opposites

A

reaction formation

36
Q

Defense Mechanism:
disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

A

projection

37
Q

Defense Mechanism:
offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions

A

rationalization

38
Q

Defense Mechanism:
shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object to a person

A

displacement

39
Q

Defense Mechanism: refusing to believe or perceive painful realities

A

denial

40
Q

Defense Mechanism:
express socially unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way

A

sublimination

41
Q

Ex: little boy reverts to oral comfort of sucking his thumb on the way to his first day of school

A

regression

42
Q

Ex: repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness

A

reaction formation

43
Q

ex: “the thief thinks everyone else is a thief”

A

projection

44
Q

Ex: a habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends “just to be social”

A

rationalization

45
Q

Ex: a little girl kicks her dog after her mother sends her to her room

A

displacement

46
Q

Ex: a partner denies evidence of his loved one’s affair

A

denial

47
Q

Ex: football or boxing as an outlet for violence

A

sublimination

48
Q

optimistic about human nature, believing that humans are naturally interested in realizing their full potential

A

humanistic approach

49
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Top:
Self-actualization
Esteem
Love and belonging
Safety needs
Physiological needs

50
Q

the inherent drive to realize one’s full potential

A

self-actualization

51
Q
  • spontaneity, simplicity, naturalness
  • problem-centered
  • creativity
  • deep interpersonal relations
  • resistance to enculturation
A

characteristics of someone who is self-actualized

52
Q

acceptance of another person regardless of their behavior

A

unconditional positive regard

53
Q

personality involves stable and consistent behavior, but does not believe people are consistent in their reactions across all situations

A

social-cognitive learning theory

54
Q

interactions influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

A

reciprocal determinism

55
Q

extent to which we perceive control over our environment

A

personal control

56
Q

perception that our fate is controlled by chance or outside forces that are beyond our personal control

A

external locus of control

57
Q

perception that we control our own fate

A

internal locus of control

58
Q

ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for greater, long term rewards

A

self control

59
Q

hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

A

learned helplessness

60
Q

Ex: electric floor with dog - when one side was turned off, dog didn’t care and just laid down

A

learned helplessness

61
Q

Big Five

A

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

62
Q

High: imaginative, prefers variety, independent
Low: practical, prefers routine, conforming

A

openness

63
Q

High: organized, careful, disciplined
Low: disorganized, careless, impulsive

A

conscientiousness

64
Q

High: sociable, outgoing, affectionate
Low: retiring, sober, reserved

A

extraversion

65
Q

High: soft hearted, trusting, helpful
Low: ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative

A

agreeableness

66
Q

High: anxious, insecure, self satisfied
Low: calm, secure, self satisfied

A

neuroticism

67
Q

looks for location on genes that might be associated with particular behaviors

A

quantitative trait loci (QTL)

68
Q

anxiety is a (quantitative/qualitative) trait because people experience wide ranges of anxiety

A

quantitative

69
Q

Twin studies indicate that genetics accounts for ____-____% of most traits

A

50-60%

70
Q

living conditions that individuals have in common

A

shared environment

71
Q

living conditions that individuals do not have in common

A

non-shared environment

72
Q

high heart rate at 36 weeks gestation foreshadowed

A
  • less predictable eating and sleeping habits 3 to 6 months after birth
  • less emotionality at 6 months after birth
73
Q

high activity levels at 36 weeks gestation predicted

A
  • slow to adapt to new people or situations
  • more irregular eating and sleeping habits
  • more difficult and fussy
74
Q

collectivist (asian) cultures focus on

A

how individual actions affect others

75
Q

individualistic cultures (western) focus on

A

personal gain

PSYCH 100 (7 decks)

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