Chapter 7 LTM: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation Quiz 1

Question 1

Classifier

Answer 1

In multivoxel pattern analysis, the classifier is a computer program designed to recognize patterns of voxel activity.

Question 2

Consolidation

Answer 2

The process that transforms new memories into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption.

Question 3

Cued recall

Answer 3

A procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli.

Question 4

Deep processing

Answer 4

Processing that involves attention to meaning and relating an item to something else. Deep processing is usually associated with elaborative rehearsal.

Question 5

Depth of processing

Answer 5

The idea that the processing that occurs as an item is being encoded into memory can be deep or shallow. Deep processing involves attention to meaning and is associated with elaborative rehearsal. Shallow processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning and is associated with maintenance rehearsal.

Question 6

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 6

Rehearsal that involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge.

Question 7

Encoding

Answer 7

The process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory.

Question 8

Encoding specificity

Answer 8

The principle that we learn information together with its context. This means that presence of the context can lead to enhanced memory for the information.

Question 9

Free recall

Answer 9

A procedure for testing memory in which the participant is asked to remember stimuli that were previously presented.

Question 10

Generation effect

Answer 10

Memory for material is better when a person generates the material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it.

Question 11

Graded amnesia

Answer 11

When amnesia is most severe for events that occurred just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, more remote events.

Question 12

Levels of processing theory

Answer 12

The idea that memory depends on how information is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow. Deep processing involves attention to meaning and is associated with elaborative rehearsal. Shallow processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning and is associated with maintenance rehearsal.

Question 13

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 13

The increased firing that occurs in a neuron due to prior activity at the synapse.

Question 14

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 14

Rehearsal that involves repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connections to other information.

Question 15

Multiple trace model of consolidation

Answer 15

The idea that the hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of remote memories, especially episodic memories. This contrasts with the standard model of memory, which proposes that the hippocampus is involved only in the retrieval of recent memories.

Question 16

Multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA)

Answer 16

A procedure for determining the pattern of voxel activation that is elicited by specific stimuli, within various structures.

Question 17

Paired-associate learning

Answer 17

A learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented and the task is to recall the other word.

Question 18

Reactivation

Answer 18

A process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory. During reactivation, activity occurs in the network connecting the hippocampus and the cortex. This activity results in the formation of connections between the cortical areas.

Question 19

Reconsolidation

Answer 19

A process proposed by Nader and others that occurs when a memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated. Once this occurs, the memory must be consolidated again, as it was during the initial learning. This repeat consolidation is reconsolidation.

Question 20

Retrieval

Answer 20

The process of remembering information that has been stored in long-term memory.

Question 21

Retrieval cues

Answer 21

Cues that help a person remember information that is stored in memory.

Question 22

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 22

Loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or traumatic event such as a concussion.

Question 23

Self-reference effect

Answer 23

Memory for a word is improved by relating the word to the self.

Question 24

Shallow processing

Answer 24

Processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning. Shallow processing is usually associated with maintenance rehearsal.

Question 25

Spacing effect

Answer 25

The advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying.

Question 26

Standard model of consolidation

Answer 26

Proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus.

Question 27

State-dependent learning

Answer 27

The principle that memory is best when a person is in the same state for encoding and retrieval. This principle is related to encoding specificity.

Question 28

Synaptic consolidation

Answer 28

A process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes.

Question 29

Systems consolidation

Answer 29

A consolidation process that involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a long timescale, lasting weeks, months, or even years.

Question 30

Temporal context model (TCM)

Answer 30

However, Per Sederberg and coworkers (2011) have proposed another explanation for Hupbach’s results based on the temporal context model(TCM), which does not involve reconsolidation. According to the TCM, for the reminder group, List A is associated with a context on Monday, which includes Experimenter 1 and the blue basket. Then, on Wednesday, this context is reinstated, because the same experimenter and blue basket are present, and the participant is also asked to remember Monday’s testing procedure. Then, when List B is learned within this List A context, items from List B become associated with the List A context. Because of this association, participants incorrectly recall some List B items when they are tested on Friday. This result does not occur for the no-reminder group, because List B is never associated with the List A context

Question 31

Testing effect

Answer 31

Enhanced performance on a memory test caused by being tested on the material to be remembered.

Question 32

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 32

When the type of task that occurs during encoding matches the type of task that occurs during retrieval. This type of processing can result in enhanced memory.