Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY245 Cognition and Language > Chapter 11 Language Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Language Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anaphoric inference

A

An inference that connects an object or person in one sentence to an object or person in another sentence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Balanced dominance

A

When a word has more than one meaning and all meanings are equally likely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Biased dominance

A

When a word has more than one meaning, and one meaning is more likely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

A condition associated with damage to Broca’s area, in the frontal lobe, characterized by labored ungrammatical speech and difficulty in understanding some types of sentences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Causal inference

A

An inference that results in the conclusion that the events described in one clause or sentence were caused by events that occurred in a previous clause or sentence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Coherence

A

The representation of a text or story in a reader’s mind so that information in one part of the text or story is related to information in another part.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Common ground

A

Knowledge, beliefs, and assumptions shared between two speakers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Congenital amusia

A

A condition, present at birth, in which people have problems with music perception, including tasks such as discriminating between simple melodies or recognizing common tunes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Constraint-based approach to parsing

A

An approach to parsing that proposes that semantics, syntax, and other factors operate simultaneously to determine parsing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Emoji

A

Symbols used in electronic communication and web pages that can indicate emotions, and are also used to represent other things, such as objects, animals, places, and weather.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Entrainment

A

Synchronization between partners in a conversation. This can include gestures speaking rate, body position, pronunciation, and grammatical structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Garden path model of parsing

A

A model of parsing that emphasizes syntactic principles as a major determinant of parsing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Garden path sentence

A

A sentence in which the meaning that seems to be implied at the beginning of the sentence turns out to be incorrect, based on information that is presented later in the sentence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Given–new contract

A

In a conversation, a speaker should construct sentences so that they contain both given information (information that the listener already knows) and new information (information that the listener is hearing for the first time).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Heuristic

A

A “rule of thumb” that provides a best-guess solution to a problem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hierarchical nature of language

A

The idea that language consists of a series of small components that can be combined to form larger units. For example, words can be combined to create phrases, which in turn can create sentences, which themselves can become components of a story.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Inference

A

In language, the process by which readers create information that is not explicitly stated in the text.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Instrument inference

A

An inference about tools or methods that occurs while reading text or listening to speech.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Language

A

A system of communication using sounds or symbols that enables us to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Late closure

A

In parsing, when a person encounters a new word, the parser assumes that this word is part of the current phrase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lexical ambiguity

A

When a word can have more than one meaning. For example, bug can mean an insect, a listening device, to annoy, or a problem in a computer program.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lexical decision task

A

A procedure in which a person is asked to decide as quickly as possible whether a particular stimulus is a word or a nonword.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lexical priming

A

Priming that involves the meaning of words. For example, rose would prime flower, because their meanings are related.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lexical semantics

A

The meaning of words.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Lexicon

A

A person’s knowledge of what words mean, how they sound, and how they are used in relation to other words.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Meaning dominance

A

Some meanings of words occur more frequently than others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Narrative

A

A story that progresses from one event to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Object-relative construction

A

A sentence construction in which the subject of the main clause is the object in the embedded clause, as in this sentence: The senator who the reporter spotted shouted.

29
Q

Parsing

A

The mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases. The way a sentence is parsed determines its meaning.

30
Q

Prosody

A

The pattern of intonation and rhythm in spoken language.

31
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

The field concerned with the psychological study of language.

32
Q

Referential communication task

A

A task in which two people are exchanging information in a conversation, when this information involves reference—identifying something by naming or describing it.

33
Q

Return to the tonic

A

n a musical composition, coming back to the tonic note that was at the beginning of the composition.

34
Q

Rule-based nature of language

A

The idea that there are rules in a language that specify the permissible ways for arranging words and phrases.

35
Q

Semantics

A

The meanings of words and sentences. Distinguished from Syntax.

36
Q

Situation model

A

A mental representation of what a text is about.

37
Q

Speech segmentation

A

The process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the speech signal.

38
Q

Subject-relative construction

A

A sentence construction in which the subject of the main clause is also the subject in the embedded clause, as in the sentence, The senator who spotted the reporter shouted.

39
Q

Syntactic coordination

A

Process by which people use similar grammatical constructions when having a conversation.

40
Q

Syntactic priming

A

Hearing a statement with a particular syntactic construction increases the chances that a statement that follows will be produced with the same construction.

41
Q

Syntax

A

The rules for combining words into sentences. Distinguished from Semantics.

42
Q

Temporary ambiguity

A

A situation in which the meaning of a sentence, based on its initial words, is ambiguous because a number of meanings are possible, depending on how the sentence unfolds. “Cast iron sinks quickly rust” is an example of a sentence that creates temporary ambiguity.

43
Q

Theory of mind

A

The ability to understand what others think, feel or believe.

44
Q

Tonic

A

The key of a musical composition. The tonic note is the first note of a scale in a particular key.

45
Q

Visual world paradigm

A

In experiments on language processing, determining how subjects are processing information in a scene as they respond to specific instructions related to the scene.

46
Q

Word frequency effect

A

The phenomenon of faster reading time for high-frequency words than for low-frequency words.

47
Q

Word frequency

A

The relative usage of words in a particular language. For example, in English, home has higher word frequency than hike.

48
Q

Summary 1

A

Language is a system of communication that uses sounds or symbols that enable us to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences. It is hierarchical and rule-based

49
Q

Summary 2

A

Modern research in the psycholog y of language blossomed in the 1950s and 1960s, with the advent of the cognitive revolution. One of the central events in the cognitive revolution was Chomsky’s critique of Skinner’s behavioristic analysis of language

50
Q

Summary 3

A

All the words a person knows are his or her lexicon. Semantics is the meaning of language.

51
Q

Summary 4

A

The ability to understand words in a sentence is influenced by word frequency. This has been demonstrated using the lexical decision task and by measuring eye movements

52
Q

Summary 5

A

The pronunciation of words is variable, which can make it difficult to perceive words when they are heard out of context.

53
Q

Summary 6

A

There are often no silences between words during normal speech, which gives rise to the problem of speech segmentation. Past experience with words, the word’s context, statistical properties of language, and knowledge of the meanings of words help solve this problem.

54
Q

Summary 7

A

Lexical ambiguity refers to the fact that a word can have more than one meaning. Tanenhaus used the lexical priming technique to show that (1) multiple meanings of ambiguous words are accessed immediately after they are heard, and (2) the “correct” meaning for the sentence’s context is identified within 200 msec

55
Q

Summary 8

A

The relative frequency of the meanings of ambiguous words is described in terms of meaning dominance. Some words have biased dominance, some have balanced dominance. The type of dominance, combined with the word’s context, influences which meaning is accessed.

56
Q

Summary 9

A

Syntax is the structure of a sentence. Parsing is the process by which words in a sentence are grouped into phrases. Grouping into phrases is a major determinant of the meaning of a sentence. This process has been studied by using garden path sentences that illustrate the effect of temporary ambiguity.

57
Q

Summary 10

A

Two mechanisms proposed to explain parsing are (1) the garden path model and (2) the constraint-based approach. The garden path model emphasizes how syntactic principles such as late closure determine how a sentence is parsed. The constraint-based approach states that semantics, syntax, and other factors operate simultaneously to determine parsing. The constraint-based approach is supported by (a) the way words with different meanings affect the interpretation of a sentence, (b) how story context influences parsing, (c) how scene context, studied using the visual world paradigm, influences parsing, and (d) how the effect of memory load and prior experience with language influences understandability.

58
Q

Summary 11

A

Coherence enables us to understand stories. Coherence is largely determined by inference. Three major types of inference are anaphoric, instrumental, and causal.

59
Q

Summary 12

A

The situation model approach to text comprehension states that people represent the situation in a story in terms of the people, objects, locations, and events that are being described in the story.

60
Q

Summary 13

A

Measurements of brain activity have demonstrated how similar areas of the cortex are activated by reading action words and by actual movements

61
Q

Summary 14

A

Experiments that measure the ERP response to passages show that many things associated with the passage are activated as the passage is being read

62
Q

Summary 15

A

Conversations, which involve give-and-take between two or more people, are made easier by procedures that involve cooperation between participants in a conversation. These procedures include the given–new contract and establishing common ground

63
Q

Summary 16

A

Establishing common ground has been studied by analyzing transcripts of conversations. As common ground is established, conversations become more efficient.

64
Q

Summary 17

A

The process of creating common ground results in entrainment—synchronization between the people in the conversation. One demonstration of entrainment is provided by syntactic coordination—how people’s grammatical constructions become coordinated

65
Q

Summary 18

A

Music and language are similar in a number of ways. There is a close relation between song and speech, music and language both cause emotion, and both consist of organized sequences.

66
Q

Summary 19

A

There are important differences between music and language. They create emotions in different ways, and rules for combining tones and words are different. The most important difference is based on the fact that words have meanings.

67
Q

Summary 20

A

Expectation occurs in both music and language. These parallel effects have been demonstrated by experiments using the ERP to assess the effect of syntactic violations in both music and language

68
Q

Summary 21

A

There is evidence for separateness and overlap of music and language in the brain.

PSY245 Cognition and Language (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions