Chapter 7- Life Span Development Flashcards
…: birth to 1 month
…: 1 month to 1 year, develop at a startling rate
neonates; infants
(neonates and infants) vital signs:
the younger the person, the .. the pulse rate and respirations
blood pressure directly corresponds to the patient’s … and typically … with age
faster; weight; increases
(neonates and infants) at birth, a pulse rate of … to .. beats/min and a respiratory rate of .. to .. breaths/min are normal
90; 180; 30; 60
(neonates and infants)
Shortly after birth, the pulse often drops to …to …beats/min and the respiratory rate drops to between …to … breaths/min.
By 1 year, the respiratory rate slows to … to … breaths/min.
100; 160 ; 25; 50; 20; 30
(neonates and infants) a neonate usually weights … to … lb (3 to 3.5 kg) at birth
growth of about .. g per day, doubling their weight by 4 to 6 months and tripling it by the end of the first year
head accounts for …% of its body weight
6; 8; 30; 25
(neonates and infants) cardiovascular system: at birth, neonate makes transition from fetal to independent …
circulation
(neonates and infants) pulmonary system: infants younger than 6 months are prone to …
infants have large tongues and shorter, narrower airways, so … is more common
the rib cage is less … and the ribs sit horizontally
nasal congestion; airway obstruction; rigid
(neonates and infants) when performing bag-mask ventilation, remember than an infant’s lungs are
fragile
(neonates and infants) the nervous system continues to evolve after … birth.
a neonate is born with certain reflexes: ‘
… reflex
… grasp
… reflex
… reflex
moro; palmar; rooting; sucking
(neonates and infants) …: when a neonate is startled, it opens its arms wide, spreads its fingers, and seems to grab at things
moro reflex
(neonates and infants) …: occurs when an object is placed into the neonate’s palm
palmar grasp
(neonates and infants) …: when something touches a neonate’s cheek, it will instinctively turn its head toward the touch
rooting reflex
(neonates and infants) …: occurs when a neonate’s lips are stroked
sucking reflex
(neonates and infants) …: spaces between the bones that eventuallyf use to form the skull
fontanelles
(neonates and infants) the posterior fontanelle fuses by … months
the anterior fontanelle fuses between … and … months
3; 9; 18
(neonates and infants) infant’s immune system maintains some fo the …
infants can also receive … via breastfeeding
mother’s immunities; antibodies
(neonates and infants) psychosocial changes begin at birth and evolve as the infant interacts with and reacts to the environment
2 months: recognizes familiar .. and tracks objects with eyes
3 months: brings objects to …; smiles/frowns
4 months: .. out to people; drools
5 months: sleeps …; recognizes .. from strangers
6: .. begins, sits …, speaks one syllable words
7: afraid of …, mood swings
8: responds to …, can sit alone, plays peek-a-boo
9 months: pulls up to .., places objects in mouth to explore
10: responds tohis/her …, …
11: starts to .. without help; frustrated with restrictions
12: knows his/her .., walks
faces; mouth; reaches; through night; family members; teething; upright; strangers; no; stand; name; crawls; walk; name
(neonates and infants) psychosocial changes:
… is the main method of communicating
… is based on a secure attachment
crying bonding
(neonates and infants) psychosocial changes cont
… is common in older infnats
… and … involves needs being met
separation anxiety; trust; mistrust
(neonates and infants) … attachment is found in infants who are repeatedly rejected:
children show little emotional response to their parents/caregivers and treat them as they would strangers
anxious-avoidant
(toddlers and preschoolers)
toddlers (.. to … yrs)
pulse: … to .. beats/min
respiratory rate: … to … breaths/min
systolic blood pressure: … to … mm Hg
1; 3; 90; 150; 20; 30; 80; 100
(toddlers and preschoolers)
preschoolers (… to … yrs)
pulse: … to … beats/min
respiratory rate: … to … breaths/min
systolic blood pressure: … to … mm Hg
3; 6; 80; 140; 20; 25; 80; 100
(toddlers and preschoolers) do not have well-developed …, so they are unable to sustain deep/rapid respirations for an extended period of time
… is lost
… growth makes considerable progress
lung musculature; passive immunity; neuromuscular;
(toddlers and preschoolers) average age for completion of toilet training is … months of age
28
(toddlers and preschoolers) psychosocial changes:
learn to … and … themselves
at 36 months of age, … is mastered
… and play … with other children
by 18 to 24 months, … and … begin to become understood
children learn to recognize … by observing role models
speak; express; basic language; interact; games; cause; effect; gender differences
(school age children) … to … years. vital signs approach those of adulthood:
pulse: .. to … beats/min
respiration rate: … to .. breaths/min
systolic blood pressure: …to … mm Hg
6; 12; 70; 120; 15; 20; 80; 110
(school age children) obvious .. traits and body … changes become apparent –> growth of … lb and … inches each year
physical; function; 4; 2.5
(school age children) … comes in, brain activity increases in …
permanent teeth; both hemispheres
(school age children) psychosocial changes:
children learn various types of reasoning–>
…. reasoning: act to avoid punishment and get what they want
… reasoning: look for approval from peers and society
… reasoning: make decisions guided by their conscience
self-… and self-… develop
preconventional; conventional; postconventional; self-concept; self-esteem
(adolescents-teenagers) … to … years
vital signs … within the adult ranges
pulse: … to … beats/min
respirations: … to … breaths/min
systolic blood pressure: … to … mm Hg
12; 18; level off; 60; 100; 12; 20; 90; 110
(adolescents-teenagers) … to …-year growth spurt: girls finish by … years, boys by … years
2; 3; 16; 18;
(adolescents-teenagers) … system matures:
… sexual development takes place—> … hair and … hair begin to appear
… start to change
… begins
reproductive; secondary; pubic; axillary; voices; menstruation
(adolescents-teenagers) psychosocial changes: adolescents and their families often deal with conflict–> … becomes an issue and … increases
adolescents may struggle to create their own ….
they often want to be treated like adults, yet cared for like younger children
privacy; self-consciousness; identity;
(adolescents-teenagers) psychosocial changes (contd): … behavior and … peak at age .. to .. years: smoking, illicit drug use, unprotected sex are problems that may arise
… can arise in adolescents from an attempt to gain … through what they eat
antisocial; peer pressure; 14; 16; eating disorders; self-control
(adolescents-teenagers) psychosocial changes contd:
a code of … develops, based partly on parents’ ethics and values and partly on the influence of the adolescent’s enviro
adolescents have a high risk for … and …
personal ethics; suicide; depression
(early adults) ages … to … years
vital signs do not vary greatly:
pulse will avg around … beats/min and range between … and … beats/min
respiratory rate will stay in the range of … to … breaths/min
systolic blood pressure will be between … and … mm Hg
70; 60; 100; 12; 20; 90; 140
(early adults) from 19 to 25 yrs, the body should be functioning at its .. level:
lifelong … are solidified
the body is working at …, but as early adulthood continues, subtle … begins
habits; peak efficiency; erosion
(early adults) psychosocial changes: life centers on …, … and …
adults strive to create a place for themselves in the world, and many strive to … –> love and marriage and family
despite all of this stress and change, this is one of the more … periods of life
work; family; stress; settle down; stable
(middle adults) ages … to … years; vital signs remain the same
vulnerable to … and … loss
… incidence increases
41; 60; vision; hearing; cancer
(middle adults) … health becomes an issue
menopause occurs in late … or early …
cardiovascular; 40s; 50s
(middle adults) …, …, and … problems are common
.. and healthy … can diminish effects of aging
diabetes; hypertension; weight; exercise; diet
(middle adults) psychosocial changes:
focus on achieving …
readjust lifestyle as children …
generally have the …, …, and … reserves to handle life’s issues
may be caring for children leaving for … along with …
life goals; leave home; physical; emotional; spiritual; college; aging parents
(older adults) … yrs or older
life expectancy constantly changing: now about … yrs
61; 78
(older adults) vital signs depend on: overall .. ... conditions ... taken older adults are often able to overcome numerous .. problems by may need multiple ...
health; medical; medications; medical; medications
(older adults) cardiovascular system:
declines with age largely due to …
… and … decrease –> cardiac output can no longer meet the demands of the body
atherosclerosis; heart rate; cardiac output
(older adults) cardiovasc system contd:
… system becomes stiff –> heart must work harder to move the blood effectively
the ability to produce replacement …, as does the …
vascular; blood cells; blood volume
(older adults) respiratory system:
size of the airway … and the surface area of alveoli …
natural elasticity of the lungs …–> breathing becomes more ..
increases; decrease; decreases; labor intensive
(older adults) respiratory system:
… and … become more likely
… decreases
… increases–> a lifetime of breathing, esp breathing air with high levels of pollution, causes the accumulation of pollutants in the lungs
aspiration; obstruction; vital capacity; residual volume
(older adults) by age 75 yrs, the vital capacity may amount to only …% of the vital capacity of a young adult. factors include:
loss of respiratory …
increased stiffness of the ..
decreased surface area available for exchange of air
50; muscle mass; thoracic cage;
(older adults) endocrine system:
… production drops off
… decreases
physical activity slows, but often there is no decrease in …
hormone production for both sexes gradually …
sexual desire may …, but does not cease
insulin; metabolism; food intake; decreases; diminish
(older adults) digestive system:
.. sensations decrease: changes in gastric and intestinal function may inhibit nutritional intake and utilization in older adults
.. secretion decreases and reduces the body’s ability to process complex carbs
ability of intestines to contract and move food …
taste; saliva; diminishes
(older adults) .. become increasingly common
gallstones
(older adults) renal system:
… function declines by 50% from age 20 to 90 years
… mass decreases 20% over the same span
there is a decreased ability to clear … from the body
there is a decreased ability to … when needed
filtration; kidney; wastes; conserve fluids
(older adults) nervous system:
In the CNS, the brain weight may shrink 10 to 20% by age 80–> … and … neural networks slow down
neurons are .., but this doesn’t mean there is a loss of knowledge/skill
… patterns change
… diminishes
brain .. decreases
motor; sensory; lost; sleep; peripheral nerve sensation; brain mass
(older adults) bc peripheral nerve sensation is diminished: increased .. causes longer delays between stimulation and motion
the resulting slowdown in reflexes and decreased kinesthetic sense may contribute tot he incidence of … and …
reaction time; falls; trauma
(older adults) age related shrinkage creates a void between the brain and the outermost layer of the …, which provides room for the brain to .. when stressed
meninges; move
(older adults) sensory changes:
most older adults can … and .. well, may need … or … aids
visual … are common
hearing loss is … times more common than vision loss
see; hear; glasses; hearing; distortions; four
(older adults) psychosocial changes:
most people retain high brain function until about … years before death: theory referred to as the … hypothesis
5; terminal drop
(older adults) psychosocial changes cont:
statistics indicate that 95% of the elderly live at …: increasing number of elderly in the US as a result of the baby boom of the 1940s and 1960s has produced a need for additional … factilities
home; assisted living
(older adults) psychosocial changes contd.
financial limitations may restrict access to … or …
one of the important issues that the elderly need to face is their own mortality–> … and … can be challenges
health care; medications; isolation; depression
