Chapter 7, Learning Flashcards
Learning involves..
The acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses that result in a relatively permanent change in the learner
Habituation
Repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradually reduction of responding
Sensitization
Presentation of a stimulus leads to an increases response to a later stimulus
(Opposite of desensitization)
Classical conditioning
A neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that produces the response naturally
US, UR, CS, CR
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Reaponse
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
Aquisition
The phase of classical conditioning where a CD and US are being paired
Second-order conditioning
Using a CS that was made to make a second CS.
(Learned tone means food? Pair tone to black box and learn that black box means food)
Spontaneous recovery
The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
Generalization
The CR is observed even if the CS has changed slightly
Discrimination
The CS has changed enough that that is no CR
A CS may not lead to a behavior but may lead to…
An expectation that connects to multiple behaviors
To learn to avoid illness caused by food, conditioning would need these properties
Learning should happen quickly, one or two times
Learning should be able to take multiple hours, food takes time before making you I’ll
Organism should avoid smell or taste rather than just digestion
This should happen with rarer food, not common ones
Biological preparedness
A propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
Operant Conditioning
Learning where the consequences of behavior dictate whether it’s more likely or less likely to happen again
Law of effect
Behaviors followed by “satisfying” effects will be more likely to happen again where as “unpleasant” effects will make it less likely
Reinforcer
The stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior happening again
Punisher
Stimulus that makes it less likely for behavior to happen again
Positive vs Negative in conditioning
Positive - Something is given
Negative - Somthing is taken away
Primary reinforcers
Reinforces that satisfy biological needs
(Food, shelter, comfort)
Secondary reinforcers
Stimulus that are effective due to their tie primary reinforcers
(Money is effective because you can buy food for example)
Stimulus control
When a response occurs only when the right stimulus occurs
(Happy at pizza box, not regular box)
Reinforcement schedules
Fixed-Interval: Reward after set time (and correct action)
Variable-Interval: Reward after random time (and correct action)
Fixed-Ratio: Reward for set number of actions
Variable-Ratio: Reward for random number of actions
Intermittent reinforcement vs Consistant reinforcement
Only some of the responses get rewarded
All correct responses get rewarded
Intermittent reinforcement effect
Intermittent reinforcement is more durable to extinction
