Chapter 7, Learning Flashcards
Learning involves..
The acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses that result in a relatively permanent change in the learner
Habituation
Repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradually reduction of responding
Sensitization
Presentation of a stimulus leads to an increases response to a later stimulus
(Opposite of desensitization)
Classical conditioning
A neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that produces the response naturally
US, UR, CS, CR
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Reaponse
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
Aquisition
The phase of classical conditioning where a CD and US are being paired
Second-order conditioning
Using a CS that was made to make a second CS.
(Learned tone means food? Pair tone to black box and learn that black box means food)
Spontaneous recovery
The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
Generalization
The CR is observed even if the CS has changed slightly
Discrimination
The CS has changed enough that that is no CR
A CS may not lead to a behavior but may lead to…
An expectation that connects to multiple behaviors
To learn to avoid illness caused by food, conditioning would need these properties
Learning should happen quickly, one or two times
Learning should be able to take multiple hours, food takes time before making you I’ll
Organism should avoid smell or taste rather than just digestion
This should happen with rarer food, not common ones
Biological preparedness
A propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others
Operant Conditioning
Learning where the consequences of behavior dictate whether it’s more likely or less likely to happen again
Law of effect
Behaviors followed by “satisfying” effects will be more likely to happen again where as “unpleasant” effects will make it less likely
Reinforcer
The stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior happening again
Punisher
Stimulus that makes it less likely for behavior to happen again
Positive vs Negative in conditioning
Positive - Something is given
Negative - Somthing is taken away
Primary reinforcers
Reinforces that satisfy biological needs
(Food, shelter, comfort)
Secondary reinforcers
Stimulus that are effective due to their tie primary reinforcers
(Money is effective because you can buy food for example)
Stimulus control
When a response occurs only when the right stimulus occurs
(Happy at pizza box, not regular box)
Reinforcement schedules
Fixed-Interval: Reward after set time (and correct action)
Variable-Interval: Reward after random time (and correct action)
Fixed-Ratio: Reward for set number of actions
Variable-Ratio: Reward for random number of actions
Intermittent reinforcement vs Consistant reinforcement
Only some of the responses get rewarded
All correct responses get rewarded
Intermittent reinforcement effect
Intermittent reinforcement is more durable to extinction
Shaping
Learning that results from successive steps to a final desired behavior
(Dog training where dog figures out stuff itself)
Latent learning
Something is learned bur doesn’t manifest as a behavior until sometime in the future
Some of the reward structures in the brain are _______ and are in the ______ system
Medial forebrain bundle, hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens
Limbic
Observational learning
An organism learns by watching the actions of others
Diffusion change
Those who learn through observation goes on to teach others through observation
Instinctive drift
Conditioned response ‘drifts back’ toward instinctive behavior
Four basic steps of Modelling
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Ethology
Focus on non-human animal behavior in natural environments
Type of CS-UCS pairings
Forward short-delay
CS is presented slightly before and during when UCS presented
Optimal learning
Type of CS-UCS pairings
Forward Trace
CS appears then goes off
Best if delay no longer than 2-3 sec
Type of CS-UCS pairings
Simultaneous
Presented at same time
Learning is slower
Type of CS-UCS pairings
Backward
CS presented after UCS
