Chapter 1 Flashcards
Nativism
The view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn
Philosophical empiricism
The view that all knowledge is acquired through experience
René Descarts
Believed the mind and brain were separate
Thomas Hobbes
Belived the mind is what the brain does
Franz Joseph Gall
Looked at damaged brains to see what the damaged brain may have controlled.
Developed phrenology
Believed you could feel the bumps of the skull to know the size of the brain.
Phrenology
Developed by Franz Joseph Gall
A discredited view.
Believed that specific mental abilities were tied to specific regions of the brain. Believed you could feel the skull to feel the brain and learn about the person.
Pierre Flourens
Removed parts of the brain to see what would happen
Paul Broca
Worked with patient with a damaged brain. Patient could understand but couldn’t speak.
People that showed the mind is connected to the brain
Pierre Flourens
Paul Broca
Physiology
The study of biological processes, especially in humans
A birthplace of psychology
Germany
Hermann von Helmholtz
First to record reaction time. Proved thought wasn’t instantaneous.
Who taught the first psychology course? When and where?
Wilhelm Wundt
1867
University of Heidelberg
First psychology lab? Who opened? When and where?
Wilhelm Wundt
1879
University of Leipzig
When did psychology become it’s own independent field of study
1879
Structuralism
Trying to determine the structures of the mind though analytic introspection
Wudnt tried to analyze psychology with the method of…
Introspection
Introspection
The objective observation of one’s own experience
Edward Titchener
Wanted to identify what the basic elements of the mind were. Tried with introspection but didn’t go too well.
William James
Developed functionalism
Believed consciousness must serve a biological purpose
‘Why’ not ‘what’
Functionalism
The study of how mental processes helped people adapt to their environment
Inspired by Charles Darwin
G. Stanley Hall
Believed children developed through the stages of human history.
Sigmund Freud
Developed psychoanalytic theory.
Believed problems could be traced back to painful childhood experiences
Psychoanalytic theory
An approach that focuses on the importance of unconscious mental processes
Psychoanalysis
Focused on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to understand psychological disorders
The psychoanalytical movement…
Influenced a lot, from art to polotics
Why did Freud lose favour?
His video on human nature was wark
Humanistic Psycology
Approach that emphasized the potential of humans
Beyaviourism
Believed that psychologists should only study objectively observable behavior
John Broadus Watson
Believed in Behaviourism
Believed study should only focus on observable behavior
Behaviourism is sometimes called..
Stimulus-response psychology
Burrhus Fredrick Skinner
Worked with reinforcement (mouse pressing lever for food)
Believed free will was an illusion
Reinforcement
Stated that the consequences of behaviour determines if that behavior will be more or less likely to happen again
Why was behaviorusm replaced?
It ignored the mental processes that fascinated psychologists. Also ignored evolutionary history.
Max Wertheimer
Focused on the study of illusions
Gestalt theory
Gestalt psychology
A psychological approach that emphasized that people perceive the whole rather than the parts
Kurt Lewin
Believed a person’s behavior xan very understood by knowing their experiences
The emergence of the computer let to…
A reassurance of interest in mental processes and a new approach called cognitive psychology
Cognitive Psycology
The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning
What did WWII do for psycology?
Saw that pilots couldn’t multitask that well, multi-tasking isn’t great.
Noam Chomsky
Showed that children putting together new sentences showed that not everything was learned by experience
Karl Lashley
Tried to find the spot of the brain that showed memory, it’s not one specific part.
Physiological Psycology
Physiological Psycology
Has grown into behavioral neuroscience. Links psychological processes to activity in the nervous system and other body processes.
When was MRI (noninvasive brain scanning) made?
Late 1980’s
Cognitive neuroscience
A field that attempts to understand links between cognitive processes and brain activity
Social psycology
The study of the causes and consequences of sociality
Cultural psycology
The study of how cultures reflect and shape psychological processes of their members
Cultural psycology gained traction….
The 1980s and 1990s
Absolutism
Holds that culture makes little to no difference in psychological phenomena
Relativism
Hold that psychological phenomana are likely to vary across cultures and should only be viewed in the context of those cultures
Scientific approach
Systematically gather and evaluate empirical evidence
Basic Reaearch
Knowledge for building and/or testing theory
Applied research
Solutions to practical problems
John Locke
British Empiricism
Mental events are a produce of physical events and can be studied (Chemicals in brain produce emotions)
Steps of the scientific process
Form a question
Gather info - form a hypothesis
Research
Analyze data
Build on knowledge
Good scientific theories have 3 features
Organize info in a meaningful away
Testable
Conforms to law of parsimony
