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Psycology > Chapter 4, Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 4, Sensation & Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation vs Perception

A

Sensation - stimulation of a sense organ
Perception - the brain’s interpretation of a sensation

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2
Q

Transduction

A

When many sensors convert physical signals to neural signals

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3
Q

Psychophysics

A

Methods to measure the strength of a stimulus and the observers sensitivity to that stimulus

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4
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The minimal intensity of a stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

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5
Q

JND (Just Noticable Difference)

A

The minimal change in a stimulus that can barely be detected

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6
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The JND of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity
(The larger the original stimulus, the bigger the change needs to be to be noticeable)

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7
Q

Noise

A

All other stimuli from internal and external environments (distractions)

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8
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Response to a stimulus depends on a person’s sensitivity in the presence of noise and on a person’s decision criterion

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9
Q

The four possible outcomes on a signal-detection experiment

A

Hit
Correct rejection
False alarm
Miss

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10
Q

Sensory adaption

A

Sensitivity to a prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to it

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11
Q

Visual acuity

A

The ability to see in fine detail

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12
Q

Cornea

A

Eye part
Smooth protective outer tissue

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13
Q

Retina

A

Eye part
The light sensitive tissue at the back of the eyeball

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14
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness
Can’t see far away

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15
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness
Can’t see close up

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16
Q

Two types of photoreceptors and a bit about them

A

Cones - detect color, most near middle of retina, used most in the day, less than rods
Rods - used for night vision, at peripheral vision, more than cones

17
Q

Foeva

A

The area of the retina where vision is the clearest but has no rods at all

18
Q

Accommodation

A

The process of how the eye keeps a clear image on the retina

19
Q

Retina cell order

A

Foeva (start ref), retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), bipolar cell, rods and cones.

20
Q

What makes up the optic nerve

A

Bundled RGC (retinal ganglion cell) axons

21
Q

Number and types of cone types

A

3
Red, green, blue

22
Q

Colour-opponent system

A

Pairs of visual neurons work in opposition. (Eye color fatigue)

23
Q

Visual streams
What are they and two types?

A

Two pathways from the occipital cortex to other visual areas in the brain.
The ventral stream
The dorsal stream

24
Q

Ventral stream

A

Occipital lobe > temporal lobe
Represents an objects shape and identity, “what”

25
Q

The dorsal stream

A

Occipital lobe > parietal lobe
Where object is in space “where”

26
Q

Visual form agnosia

A

The inability to recognize objects by sight

27
Q

Parallel processing

A

The brains capacity to preform many activities at the same time

28
Q

Binding problem

A

How the brain links features so we see unified objects instead of random features

29
Q

Illusory conjunction

A

Where a brain incorrectly combines features

30
Q

Linking features together relies on the _____ lobe and ____ stream

A

Parietal lobe
Dorsal stream

31
Q

Modular view

A

Parts of the brain that recognizes specific things like faces or houses

32
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Even as sensory signals change, perception remains consistent (friend with different hair is still recognized as friend)

33
Q

Gestalt principles characteristics

A

Simplicity
Closure
Continuity
Similarity
Proximity
Common fate

34
Q

Theories of object recognition

A

Image-based object recognition - templates of items in our heads

Parts based recognition - recognize shapes and their spatial recognition to each other

35
Q

Monocular depth cues, definition and cues

A

Aspects that give info about depth when viewed with one eye

Linear perspective
Texture gradient
Interposition (closer objects covering farther ones)
Relative height

36
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

The difference in your two eyes images that give info about depth

37
Q

Waterfall illusion

A

Staring at something consistently moving before looking away making other things look like their moving

38
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

A failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention

39
Q

Vision cells interactions

A

Bipolar cells inhibit the ganglion cells. When cones or rods inhibit the bipolar cells, they stop inhibiting the ganglion cells so they fire

Psycology (8 decks)

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