Chapter 7: Interconnection Flashcards
A pattern of data in which materials learned in one setting are well remembered when in that setting, but are less well remembered in other settings.
Context-Dependent Learning
A procedure in which a person is (thinking-ally) led to the same mental and emotional state he or she was in during a previous event; said to promote accurate recollection
Context Reinstatement
The tendency, when memorizing, to place in memory both the materials to be learned and also some amount of the context of those materials.
Encoding Specificity
An individual unit within an associative network, often representing single ideas or concepts
Node
Functional connections that are hypothesized to link nodes within a mental/neural network
Associations/associative links
When nodes respond in a discrete and specific way
Fire
Activation levels below response threshold. This activation can accumulate, making later “firing” easier
Subthreshold activation
The addition of two or more separate inputs so that the effect of the combined inputs is greater than the effect of any one of the inputs by itself
Summation
A process through which activation travels from one node to another, via associative links.
Spreading Activation
A test in which participants are shown strings of letters and must indicate whether or not each string of letters is a word in English.
Lexical-Decision Task
A process in which activation of an idea in memory causes activation to spread to other ideas related to the first in meaning.
Semantic Priming
The task of memory retrieval in which the rememberer must come up with the desired materials, sometimes in response to a cue.
Recall
The task of memory retrieval in which items are presented and the person must decide whether or not the item was encountered in some earlier circumstance
Recognition
A form of memory that enables a person to recollect the episode in which learning took place or the time/place in which a stimulus was encountered.
Source Memory
The subjective feeling that one has encountered a stimulus before
Familiarity
What causes familiarity?
Implicit memory
The step of explaining a feeling or event, usually by identifying the factors (or an earlier event) that are the cause of the current feeling or event
Attribution
A distinction between two experiences a person can have in recalling a past event, varying in specificity
Remember/Know Distinction
A task in which participants are given a series of letters (e.g., “TOM”) and must provide a word that starts with the letters provided
Word-Stem Completion
A memory revealed by direct memory testing and typically accompanied by the conviction that one is, in fact, remembering
Explicit Memory
A form of memory testing in which people are asked explicitly to remember some previous event.
Direct Memory Testing
A memory revealed by indirect memory testing and usually manifested as a priming effect in which current performance is modified by previous experiences
Implicit Memory
A form of memory testing in which research participants are not told that their memories are being tested
Indirect Memory Testing
A memory error in which one misremembers where a bit of information was learned or where a particular stimulus was last encountered.
Source Confusion
The sequence of detectors and nodes, and the connections among these various units, that activation flows through in dealing with a specific stimulus.
Processing Pathway
An improvement in the speed or ease of processing that results from prior practice in using the same processing steps.
Processing Fluency
retrieval paths:
When you want to locate information in memory, you travel on those paths, moving from one memory to the next until you reach the target material.
?? Why is recognition of a word quicker in a sentence than separately?
Recognition is not based on the word itself but based on the meaning of the word
if you are in the same context during testing, the learned material will receive
pre-activation
Why do hint’s work?
because of spreading activation and summation of sub threshold activation the searched for node can more fire. “Insufficient activation received from one source can add to the insufficient activation received from another source. Either source of activation on its own wouldn’t be enough, but the two can combine to activate the target nodes.”
What is a lexical decision taks and did it prove?
indicating if a string of characters is a word or not
Proved semantic printing.
Define semantic printing
a process in which activation of an idea in memory causes activation to spread to other ideas related to the first in meaning. This (sub)threshold activation makes for it to quicker pass the activation threshold and therefore leads to quicker recognition.
Why is a set of semantically words faster recognised than a set of unrelated words?
first node already spread activation to the related nodes => semantic priming
People can shut down spreading if they’re convinced that the wrong nodes are being activated.
People can shut down spreading if they’re convinced that the wrong nodes are being activated.
Familiarity comes from
implicit memory
Source memory
“a form of memory that enables a person to recollect the episode in which learning took place or the time AND place in which a particular stimulus was encountered”
No Source memory
you don’t have a recollection of the source of your current knowledge but your sense of familiarity makes you think ‘I recognise this’
remember + brain area
there is a source memory + familiarity
heightened activity in hippocampus —> crucial for source memory
know + brain area
absence of source memory + familiarity
heightened activity in the anterior parahippocampus/rhinal cortex —> crucial for familiarity
Can Repetition based priming can happen when participants have no recollection of having encountered a stimuli before?
yes
What is Word-stem completion and what is an often encountered effect?
participants must produce a correct with given the stem of a word, Participants are more likely to produce a word they recently encountered
False fame
without a source memory, familiarity can lead to false fame. Only when familiarity is really vague and question/therefore open to interpretation, you ‘must think this person is famous’
Illusion of truth
an effect of implicit memory in which claims that are familiar end up seeming more plausible. Happens even when told that the claim is wrong.
Source confusion
misremembering a bit of information that was learned or where a particular stimulus was last, example line up
What happens in a line-up in regard to source confusion?
in a line-up correctly identify a person as familiar but confused about source of familiarity (was not originally involved). High error rate.
Processing fluency
use of a pathway will increase the speed and ease with which the pathway carries activation
Explain how implicit memory can be explained
Implicit memory can be explained by processing fluency, due to recently being shown detector is quicker because it still is warmed up. People are sensitive to processing fluency, when it seems easy it “rings a bell”. People also notice changes in processing fluency between experience and expectation.
What does it mean that perceptual fluency is modality specific?
hearing does not help recognising them faster when you see words
Conceptual fluency
when judging whether statements are true modality is not important
Define amnesia
disruption of memory due to brain damage
retrograde amnesia
before is lost
anterograde amnesia
after is lost due to damaged hippocampus and surroundings, but implicit memory is saved
Why could H.M. have conversations?
His hippocampus was damaged, therefore he had no real long-term memory. But his WM was still active.
What leads to Korsakoff’s syndrome?
B1 deficits, longterm alcholics, damages hippocampus, similar results to H.M.
Do Korsakoff’s patients have implicit memory?
Yes
