Chapter 7: Interconnection

Question 1

A pattern of data in which materials learned in one setting are well remembered when in that setting, but are less well remembered in other settings.

Answer 1

Context-Dependent Learning

Question 2

A procedure in which a person is (thinking-ally) led to the same mental and emotional state he or she was in during a previous event; said to promote accurate recollection

Answer 2

Context Reinstatement

Question 3

The tendency, when memorizing, to place in memory both the materials to be learned and also some amount of the context of those materials.

Answer 3

Encoding Specificity

Question 4

An individual unit within an associative network, often representing single ideas or concepts

Answer 4

Node

Question 5

Functional connections that are hypothesized to link nodes within a mental/neural network

Answer 5

Associations/associative links

Question 6

When nodes respond in a discrete and specific way

Answer 6

Fire

Question 7

Activation levels below response threshold. This activation can accumulate, making later “firing” easier

Answer 7

Subthreshold activation

Question 8

The addition of two or more separate inputs so that the effect of the combined inputs is greater than the effect of any one of the inputs by itself

Answer 8

Summation

Question 9

A process through which activation travels from one node to another, via associative links.

Answer 9

Spreading Activation

Question 10

A test in which participants are shown strings of letters and must indicate whether or not each string of letters is a word in English.

Answer 10

Lexical-Decision Task

Question 11

A process in which activation of an idea in memory causes activation to spread to other ideas related to the first in meaning.

Answer 11

Semantic Priming

Question 12

The task of memory retrieval in which the rememberer must come up with the desired materials, sometimes in response to a cue.

Answer 12

Recall

Question 13

The task of memory retrieval in which items are presented and the person must decide whether or not the item was encountered in some earlier circumstance

Answer 13

Recognition

Question 14

A form of memory that enables a person to recollect the episode in which learning took place or the time/place in which a stimulus was encountered.

Answer 14

Source Memory

Question 15

The subjective feeling that one has encountered a stimulus before

Answer 15

Familiarity

Question 16

What causes familiarity?

Answer 16

Implicit memory

Question 17

The step of explaining a feeling or event, usually by identifying the factors (or an earlier event) that are the cause of the current feeling or event

Answer 17

Attribution

Question 18

A distinction between two experiences a person can have in recalling a past event, varying in specificity

Answer 18

Remember/Know Distinction

Question 19

A task in which participants are given a series of letters (e.g., “TOM”) and must provide a word that starts with the letters provided

Answer 19

Word-Stem Completion

Question 20

A memory revealed by direct memory testing and typically accompanied by the conviction that one is, in fact, remembering

Answer 20

Explicit Memory

Question 21

A form of memory testing in which people are asked explicitly to remember some previous event.

Answer 21

Direct Memory Testing

Question 22

A memory revealed by indirect memory testing and usually manifested as a priming effect in which current performance is modified by previous experiences

Answer 22

Implicit Memory

Question 23

A form of memory testing in which research participants are not told that their memories are being tested

Answer 23

Indirect Memory Testing

Question 24

A memory error in which one misremembers where a bit of information was learned or where a particular stimulus was last encountered.

Answer 24

Source Confusion

Question 25

The sequence of detectors and nodes, and the connections among these various units, that activation flows through in dealing with a specific stimulus.

Answer 25

Processing Pathway

Question 26

An improvement in the speed or ease of processing that results from prior practice in using the same processing steps.

Answer 26

Processing Fluency

Question 27

retrieval paths:

Answer 27

When you want to locate information in memory, you travel on those paths, moving from one memory to the next until you reach the target material.

Question 28

?? Why is recognition of a word quicker in a sentence than separately?

Answer 28

Recognition is not based on the word itself but based on the meaning of the word

Question 29

if you are in the same context during testing, the learned material will receive

Answer 29

pre-activation

Question 30

Why do hint’s work?

Answer 30

because of spreading activation and summation of sub threshold activation the searched for node can more fire. “Insufficient activation received from one source can add to the insufficient activation received from another source. Either source of activation on its own wouldn’t be enough, but the two can combine to activate the target nodes.”

Question 31

What is a lexical decision taks and did it prove?

Answer 31

indicating if a string of characters is a word or not

Proved semantic printing.

Question 32

Define semantic printing

Answer 32

a process in which activation of an idea in memory causes activation to spread to other ideas related to the first in meaning. This (sub)threshold activation makes for it to quicker pass the activation threshold and therefore leads to quicker recognition.

Question 33

Why is a set of semantically words faster recognised than a set of unrelated words?

Answer 33

first node already spread activation to the related nodes => semantic priming

Question 34

People can shut down spreading if they’re convinced that the wrong nodes are being activated.

Answer 34

People can shut down spreading if they’re convinced that the wrong nodes are being activated.

Question 35

Familiarity comes from

Answer 35

implicit memory

Question 36

Source memory

Answer 36

“a form of memory that enables a person to recollect the episode in which learning took place or the time AND place in which a particular stimulus was encountered”

Question 37

No Source memory

Answer 37

you don’t have a recollection of the source of your current knowledge but your sense of familiarity makes you think ‘I recognise this’

Question 38

remember + brain area

Answer 38

there is a source memory + familiarity

heightened activity in hippocampus —> crucial for source memory

Question 39

know + brain area

Answer 39

absence of source memory + familiarity

heightened activity in the anterior parahippocampus/rhinal cortex —> crucial for familiarity

Question 40

Can Repetition based priming can happen when participants have no recollection of having encountered a stimuli before?

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

What is Word-stem completion and what is an often encountered effect?

Answer 41

participants must produce a correct with given the stem of a word, Participants are more likely to produce a word they recently encountered

Question 42

False fame

Answer 42

without a source memory, familiarity can lead to false fame. Only when familiarity is really vague and question/therefore open to interpretation, you ‘must think this person is famous’

Question 43

Illusion of truth

Answer 43

an effect of implicit memory in which claims that are familiar end up seeming more plausible. Happens even when told that the claim is wrong.

Question 44

Source confusion

Answer 44

misremembering a bit of information that was learned or where a particular stimulus was last, example line up

Question 45

What happens in a line-up in regard to source confusion?

Answer 45

in a line-up correctly identify a person as familiar but confused about source of familiarity (was not originally involved). High error rate.

Question 46

Processing fluency

Answer 46

use of a pathway will increase the speed and ease with which the pathway carries activation

Question 47

Explain how implicit memory can be explained

Answer 47

Implicit memory can be explained by processing fluency, due to recently being shown detector is quicker because it still is warmed up. People are sensitive to processing fluency, when it seems easy it “rings a bell”. People also notice changes in processing fluency between experience and expectation.

Question 48

What does it mean that perceptual fluency is modality specific?

Answer 48

hearing does not help recognising them faster when you see words

Question 49

Conceptual fluency

Answer 49

when judging whether statements are true modality is not important

Question 50

Define amnesia

Answer 50

disruption of memory due to brain damage

Question 51

retrograde amnesia

Answer 51

before is lost

Question 52

anterograde amnesia

Answer 52

after is lost due to damaged hippocampus and surroundings, but implicit memory is saved

Question 53

Why could H.M. have conversations?

Answer 53

His hippocampus was damaged, therefore he had no real long-term memory. But his WM was still active.

Question 54

What leads to Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Answer 54

B1 deficits, longterm alcholics, damages hippocampus, similar results to H.M.

Question 55

Do Korsakoff’s patients have implicit memory?

Answer 55

Yes