Chapter 7 Human Factors Engineering Flashcards
Human factors engineering and Human Computer Interaction
-multidisciplinary services that seek to optimize interactions between humans and given system
-HCI began in 1980s as a blend of HFE with software engineering
-HCI assimilates cognitives, social, and behavioral science into its framework
-HCI defined as “study of interaction between people (users) and hardware, software, websites, and mobile devices” (US Department of Health and Human Services 2017)
Categories of HCI Evaluation Methods
Analytic Approaches (Expert Methods)
-Task Analysis
=Hierarchical task analysis
=Cognitive task analysis
-Model-based
=GOMS-family/KLM
=Predictive models
-Inspection-based
=Heuristic evaluation
=Cognitive walkthrough
=Role playing/simulation
Usability Testing (User Methods)
-Observation
=Shadowing
=Time/motion studies
=Eye tracking
=Screen capture
-Feedback
=Interviews
=Focus groups
=Surveys
=Think-aloud methods
=A/B testing
Hierarchical task analysis
-Type of task analysis, under analytic approaches, in HCI evaluation methods
-separate large goals into various tasks, sub-tasks, sub-sub-tasks, etc. as desired to achieve an appropriate level of detail
-has been used in the evaluation of medical devices, clinical workflows, medication errors
Cognitive task analysis
-Type of task analysis, under analytic approaches, in HCI evaluation methods
-focuses more on internal perceptions and cognition that ultimately result in an observable action
-has been utilized in healthcare to assess how primary care providers manage alert notifications
-methods frequently employ some of the inspection-based, observational, and feedback techniques also listed above
Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selectors (GOMS) model
-Type of model-based, analytic approach, under HCI evaluation methods
-important functional model
-separates tasks into smaller components to approximate how much time and effort may be required
-GOMS follows a user through their intended task (goals/subgoals), actions performed to accomplish said goals (Operators), the order in which each action its taken (Methods), and the choice of one method over another similar one (Selectors)
Keystroke-Level Modeling (KLM) tool
-Type of model-based, analytic approach, under HCI evaluation methods
-simplified version of GOMS family
-Operators focus more heavily around keyboard/mouse clicks and mouse movements
-tracks the amount of cognitive time required to perform an action and the time required for the system to respond to the user
-takes into account predictive model Fitts Law
Fitts Law
-defines the shortest time interval required to acquire a target
-when click an object on a computer screen, Fitts Law can be applied based on the distance from the mouse to the target and the target’s size
Hick-Hyman Law
-another predictive model used in HCI
-states that each new choice logarithmically adds time to human processing and selection
-model can be employed to determine the number of objects that a menu should contain, or to guide the display of choices with colors/highlighting to help augment human information processing time
Categories of Cognitive Theories
play an integral role in shaping HCI techniques
-Human Information Processing
=Model Human processor
=Mental Models
=Theory of Action
-External Cognition
=Representation Effect
=Intelligent Spaces
-Distributed Cognition
=Distributed Resources
=Representational States
=Distributed Cognition of Teamwork (DiCoT)
Human information processing
-Type of HCI cognitive theory
-describes how humans absorb, process, and respond to our external environment
Norman’s Theory of Action
-type of Human Information Processing, which is a type of HVI Cognitive Theory
-Each mental activity is divided into 7 interrelated stages
=Goal
=Gulf of execution: intent to order, action sequence of steps, execution (mentally then in real world)
=Gulf of evaluation: perceive state of world, interpret perception, evaluate interpretations
External Cognition
-Type of HCI cognitive theory
-way in which we employ parts of our external environment to help guide and augment our cognitive behavior
-consists of external representations
External representations
-its use has to change the cognitive task at hand in some way
-examples: pen and paper for complex math problems, hand-drawn sketches to assist with brainstorming, graphical visualization of patient’s lab to understand
Distributed cognition
-Type of HCI cognitive theory
-shifts focus from a single person’s cognitive model to multiple people in a “cognitive system” that are collaborating to accomplish a shared goal
-examples: crew of people working together to operate a ship, team of healthcare providers
-Implementable framework example called Distributed Cognition for Teamwork (DiCoT)
Usability testing
-large component of HVI evaluation
-AMIA recommends formal usability testing during system development and prior to implementation
-AMIDA in 2013 released 14 usability principles that all electronic health records should adhere to
