Chapter 7: Expanding social horizons Flashcards
What is the systems approach to parenting?
- Parents directly (commands/instruction) and indirectly (modeling) influence children
- Children also influence parents by their behavior, attitude and in .
- individual interactions in the home (mother child, siblings) also influence the parents and the children
- social systems influence this–neighbors (help/stress), religious institutions, grandparents (help/friction), works schedules (miss child’s events)
What are the primary dimensions of parenting?
1) Degree of warmth and responsiveness shown to children ranging from open warmth and affection, involvement, and response–which benefits children–to uninvolved and even hostile: more concerned about themselves and do not address child’s emotional needs
2) Control:
- psychological: efforts to manipulate or make children feel guilty (children benefit from minimal)
- behavioral: (rules/limits) ranging from micromanaging to little to no control - children benefit from intermediate level
What are the parenting styles?
- Authoritarian
- Authoritative
- Permissive
- Uninvolved
What is the authoritarian parenting style?
High control, little warmth, valuing hard work, respect, obedience. No discussion or consideration children’s needs or wishes. Children are often unhappy, have low self-esteem, and often over aggressive
What is the authoritative parenting style?
high control & warmth: explain rules, encourage discussion. Children have higher grades, are responsible, self-reliant and friendly
What is the permissible parenting style?
Low control and some warmth: generally acceptable behavior and punish little. Children are often impulsive and have little self-control
What is the uninvolved parenting style?
Low control and low warmth; basic physical and emotional needs only. Minimize time spent with them. Children often do poorly in schools and are aggressive
What about reinforcement and punishment?
These are two ways parents inform children about what is acceptable or unacceptable.
- A reinforcement is an action that increases the likelihood of the response (praise/reward)
- A punishment is an action that discourages the likelihood of the response (take away/early bed)
- Parents must be careful against the negative reinforcement trap when they relent to get the child to stop misbehaving. Punishments should be immediate, consistent, explained, and within an affectionate relationship.
- Must not merely be repressive without providing guidance for alternative behaviors or make the child so angry that they don’t understand what was being taught.
- Time-out allow for both parents and children to calm down so they can discuss
How does divorce and remarriage affect children?
- Divorce: children lose a role model, source of help, emotional support, and supervision.
- May miss out on having a parent at an activity. There may be stress or lack due to finances or stress due to conflict between parents. Children fair worse when they have a tendency to interpret situations negatively if they are in childhood to adolescence, or if they have poor coping skills or if parents are not cooperating.
- Remarriage; happen when the step parent is not engaged or when there are step siblings and each always takes the side of their biological parents
What are additional parenting dimensions?
Direct instruction: What to do when & why
Coaching: link emotions and behaviors
Modeling: learn from watching
Counter imitation: learn what should not be done
Child with easier temperament will be easier to parent and parents will use less control
Child with difficult temperament will be more difficult to parent and parent will use more control and tend toward the authoritarian style
What is the benefit of friendship?
There are numerous benefits to friendship–the voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking.
- Higher self-esteem, prosocial behavior, coping skills, and young adult self-worth
- Lower loneliness, depression, and victimization by peers
