Chapter 6

Question 1

What is Piaget’s concrete-operational stage?

Answer 1

• loose ego-centrism: recognize peers have other POV
• changes idea of appearance as reality
• recognize thinking can be reversed (mental operations)
• Mental Operations: cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas, but is limited to the tangible and real (7-11)

Question 2

What is Piaget’s formal operational stages?

Answer 2

(11+)
- psychological operations to think hypothetically and abstractly
- structured reasoning (x haphazard experimentation)
- deductive reasoning: logical conclusions from facts (x experiences)

Question 3

What is information processing theory with respect to 7+?

Answer 3

• working memory: where a few thoughts and ideas can be stored briefly
• long-term memory: permanent and unlimited storage where learned information is stored

Question 4

What are children’s strategies and monitoring to improve learning and memory?

Answer 4

7-8 yrs olds:
- rehearsal: repetitively naming information
Older:
- organization: structuring information, put related together
- elaboration: embellishing information increasing recallability
Choose most effective by
- metamemory: understanding memory, recognizing memory problems, monitoring effectiveness
- metacognition: process of cognition–perception, attention, intensions, knowledge, thinking
– Helps understanding about goals, strategies, monitoring, outcome
- cognitive self-regulation: monitoring that is vital to learning (from self or teachers0

Question 5

What is Gardner’s theory of intelligence

Answer 5

9 intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial (3 intelligence theories focus on), music, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, and existential.
Relied on:
- development: that some intelligences develop sooner than others
- brain damage: showing different portions of the brain relate to different intelligences
- talented people: showing that incredible talent in each intelligence
*Lead to more research of non-traditional intelligence: especially emotional intelligence. Some schools try to integrate while others do not considering lack of empirical data

Question 6

What about Binet and Simon?

Answer 6

Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon: tasked with creating a test that would indicate if a child would need special instruction in order to learn
- used: preliminary test to create problems children of a certain age should be able to solve
- score children by their mental age (MA): the difficulty of the problems the should solve correctly
- bright children would have an older MA and would have a better change at succeeding in school than dull children who received a younger MA
- Lead to first IQ test: MA/CA (chronical age) that would allow for children to be compared across ages but it was later modified to compare children of the same age

Question 7

How well do IQ tests work?

Answer 7

-predict success in school: though not perfectly
- beyond school: higher IQ results tend to correlate with occupational success– greater salaries/prestige, more patients/articles, better performance, and quicker learning.
- Higher IQ scores also correlate with longer life as people take better care of themselves

Question 8

What are the features of ADHD?

Answer 8

1) Hyperactivity: energetic, fidgety, and unable to keep still
2) Inattention: do not pay attention in class, unable to concentrate on school work so they skip from one task to another
3) Impulsivity: act before thinking (run into road without thinking/interrupt)
- Potentially linked to TV, food allergies, sugar, prenatal alcohol or drug exposure
- No cure: Ritalin treats symptoms but psychological treatments improve affects