Chapter 5: Entering the Social World

Question 1

What are the caregiver and child behaviors for the secure attachment type?

Answer 1

Caregiver:
- React quickly and positively to child’s needs
- Responsive to child’s needs
Child:
- Distressed when caregiver leaves
- Happy when caregiver returns
- Seek comfort from caregiver when scared or sad

Question 2

What are the caregiver and child behaviors for the insecure- avoidant attachment type?

Answer 2

Caregiver:
- Unresponsive, uncaring
- Dismissive
Child:
- No distress when caregiver leaves
- Does not acknowledge return of caregiver
- Does not seek or make contact with caregiver

Question 3

What are the caregiver and child behaviors for the insecure-ambivalent attachment type?

Answer 3

Caregiver:
- Responds to child inconsistently
Child:
- Distress when caregiver leaves
- Not comforted by return of caregiver

Question 4

What are the caregiver and child behaviors for the insecure- disorganized attachment type?

Answer 4

Caregiver:
- Abusive or neglectful
- Responds in frightening or frightened ways
Child:
- No attaching behaviors
- Often appear dazed, confused or apprehensive in presence of caregivers

Question 5

What are Erikson’s first three stages of psychosocial development?

Answer 5

• Infancy: trust vs mistrust caring for infant imperfectly (as it must be) a proper balance produces hope - openness to new experiences with wariness for potential danger or discomfort
• 1-3: autonomy vs shame - balance of autonomy and shame leads to will - realizing that they can act intentionally on their environment within limits
• 3-5: initiative vs guilt: as they explore and play they gain purpose the balance between individual initiative and willing cooperation

Question 6

What about infant’s emotional attachment formation to significant people?

Answer 6

• Preattachment: recognize mother smell and sound and cry, smile, gaze intently –> smile back/hold
• Attachment in the making (6-8wks to 6-8 mo) smile/laugh more easily consoled by primary caregiver
• True attachment (6-8mo to 18mo) singled out attachment figure and look to for reassurance
• Reciprocal relationships (18mo): initiate interactions and negotiate with parent understand parent goals and guide own behavior
• Often play with father reassured by mother - differences in with change in roles

Question 7

What about attachment and parent’s employment?

Answer 7

Early childcare had no overall effect on attachment unless paired with insensitive mothering then low quality and large amounts of child care exacerbated effects of insensitive mothering

Question 8

What about basic emotions and their expression?

Answer 8

Basic emotions are a universal experience including a
- subjective feeling
- physiological change
- overt behavior.
babies are believed to have all basic emotions
2-3 mo: sadness & the social smile emerges (see human)
4-6mo: anger from distress
6mo: fear from wariness
6 mo: disgust - less known, learned from parents?

Question 9

What about complex emotions?

Answer 9

The response to meeting or failing to meet expectations. Believed to appear around 18-24mo. after the child has established awareness of the self (ie. pride, guilt, embarrassment)

Question 10

How does play change during infancy and preschool years?

Answer 10

~12 mo: parallel play begins: each doing their own thing and watching each other
15-18mo: simple social play: similar activity and smile/talk together
~ 2 yrs cooperative play: organized around a theme each taking a role
16-18mo. make believe begins often takes form during preschool (promotes development) sometimes preschoolers choose solitary play others social play
2-3yrs prefer play with same sex kids
- Girls: tend enabling (suggestions
- boys tend constricting (dominance)

Question 11

How do children help each other?

Answer 11

Prosocial behavior: any behavior that helps another person
Altruism: prosocial behavior from which one does not directly benefit.
Scientists believe biologically predisposition at 18 mo. see others in distress as age understand emotions.
Becomes more likely when older and can understand another’s POV. Also influenced by situation feeling responsible (family over stranger), feeling competent, mood, costs (small/moderate sacrifice),
Social influence: modeling/disciplinary practices (positive feedback/harsh physical punishment) or opportunities