CHAPTER 7 Evidences of Evolution

Question 1

Evidence of Evolution

Answer 1

1. Fossils and fossil records
2. Comparative Analysis (Homologies)
3. Biochemical evidences
4. Observable events
   * Distribution in time and space

Question 2

Evidence of Evolution

• provides snapshots of the past that, when assembled, illustrates a panorama of evolutionary change over the past four billion years.

Answer 2

fossil record

Question 3

Evidence of Evolution

• is any evidence of ancient life with an age limit which of 10,000 years old; usually found in sedimentary rocks

2 Main Types:
a. Direct Fossils = termed as ‘—’ such as bones
b. Indirect Fossils = termed as ‘—’ such as traces of plants
and coprolites or fossilized ‘poop’ or feces

Answer 3

fossil
remains
imprints

Question 4

Significance of Fossil
1. -E
2. -C
3. -D
4. -W
5. -T
* Archaeopteryx: between reptiles & birds
* — amphibious fish
* — reptile-like amphibian
* Also, mammal-like reptiles & whales with hind limbs

Answer 4

1. Extinction of species
2. Reveals ancient climate & environmental conditions
   3.Indicates development of life from simple to complex
   4.Indicates life began in water
3. Transitional forms reveal links between groups:
   * Eustheopteron
   * Seymouria

Question 5

Reveals ancient climate & environmental conditions

Answer 5

typically, plants in warmer climates have larger leaves with smoother edges, while plants in cooler climates have smaller leaves with more jagged edges

Question 6

A strange worm-like animal, was covered in spikes, likely as
protection against these voracious predators.

Answer 6

Hallucigenia

Question 7

is a worm-like animal, bearing ten pairs of clawed, spiny limbs on the lower part of its body. The animal had a soft, flexible, non-mineralized cuticle, which had a corrugated, accordion-like form. A suite of claws also adorned the end of each stub-foot. A faint line running down the axis of the organism is interpreted as its gut

Answer 7

Aysheaia

Question 8

has a wide head shield with six pairs of head appendages projecting forward that are segmented and branch into two (biramous).

Answer 8

Sanctacaris

Question 9

looks like trilobites

Answer 9

Olenoides

Question 10

A creature smaller than a human’s thumb, is thought to be closely related to the ancestor of all vertebrates.

Answer 10

Pikaia

Question 11

A predatory species, displaying five eyes and a strange proboscis used to capture its prey

Answer 11

Opabinia

Question 12

Large arthropods; considered as the top predator hunting on
trilobites (olenoides) and other invertebrates

Answer 12

Anomalocaris

Question 13

Tetrapod in the Devonian period where their fins represented the archaic beginnings of what would become our own arms and five-fingered hands.

Answer 13

Eustheopteron

Question 14

• A group of Permo - Carboniferousreptiliomorphs with both terrestrialand aquatic taxa.
• Reptile-like amphibian

Answer 14

Seymouria

Question 15

Direct Fossils

1. This are true fossils parts of early organisms
2. Entire organism frozen in ice
3. Minerals replace hard parts (bones, teeth, etc.) of organism
4. Entire organism fossilized in tree sap

Answer 15

1. remnants
2. frozen
3. petrification
4. amber

Question 16

Indirect Fossils

1. (thin, soft object (leaf, feather) is buried and sediments later harden)
2. Buried organism disappears and leaves an empty space
3. Mold filled by minerals (replica of organism)
4. Traces of the organism; provides information on how organism lived, hunted, food pref., etc

Answer 16

1. imprint
2. mold
3. cast
4. trace

Question 17

How can fossil age be determined?

• Depth of fossils help to determine their age
• Lower layers are ____ than those in upper layers
• Radioactive Isotope Dating
• -
• Measure the proportion of an
  isotope relative to its more
  stable form (half life)

Answer 17

older
Carbon-14, Uranium-238,
Potassium-40

Question 18

Why is the fossil record incomplete?

RP
CH FC
MC
NDU

Answer 18

• 1. Soft tissue rarely preserved
• 2. Fossilization takes place only in certain types of habitats and under favorable
     conditions
• 3. Movement of the earth’s crust has obliterated or covered many fossils
• 4. Paleontologists have not dug up every place on earth

Question 19

Evidence of Evolution

Study of anatomical structures to find similarities
and differences
* HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES – parts with similar basic
structure (derived from same structures in embryo—
same common descent), but may vary in function

Answer 19

Comparative Anatomy

Question 20

– structures that have the same function
(may look somewhat alike), but have different structures and DO NOT have a common descent

Answer 20

ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

ex. wings of bat and bird

Question 21

reduced body parts (in comparison to
the same complex structure in other organisms) that have little to no function; remnant of an ancestor
give examples

Answer 21

VESTIGAL STRUCTURES

• Human appendix (other mammals it is necessary to aid in digestion)
• Human external ear muscle
• Human tailbone (coccyx)
• Human wisdom teeth
• Bird wings – Penguins adapted for swimming, ostrich wings for balance and courtship

Question 22

Patterns of embryological development can indicate a common ancestry

Answer 22

embryology

• Fish, birds, mammals & reptiles all have gills; only fish retain theirs
• Fish, birds, humans & reptiles all have tails; ALL but humans retain theirs

Question 23

Biochemical Similarities & Evidences

• Similarity of proteins, RNA & DNA molecules
• The more closely related organisms are, the —
• Indicates common ancestor
• — – supports evolution
• Similar chemistry & structure of chromosomes among Eukaryotes
• — is the same basic molecule in all photosynthetic organisms

Answer 23

more similar is the biochemical makeup
Universality of genetic code
Chlorophyll