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EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY > CHAPTER 4 & 5 Microevolution and Speciation > Flashcards

CHAPTER 4 & 5 Microevolution and Speciation Flashcards

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1
Q
  • evolution on a small
    scale within a single population
  • It is the generation-to-generation
    change in frequencies of alleles within a
    population
A

MICROEVOLUTION

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2
Q

How to detect microevolution?

A

Microevolutionary pattern
= a change in gene frequency over time population evolved

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3
Q
  • Generation-to-generation
    change in frequencies of alleles
    within a population.
A

MICROEVOLUTION

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4
Q

Frequency of alleles in a population stays the same
generation after generation unless acted upon by some outside force

A

HARDY WEINBERG THEORY

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5
Q
  • a group of individuals that actually or potentially interbreed in nature.
  • the biggest gene pool possible under natural
    conditions

misleading definition

A

Species

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6
Q

a lineage-splitting event that produces two or more separate species

A

SPECIATION

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7
Q

Causes of Speciation

Different species are unable to interbreed and produce healthy, fertile offspring due to barriers called mechanisms of reproductive isolation.
2 Barriers:
1.–
2.–

A

PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS
POSTZYGOTIC BARRIERS

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8
Q

Causes of Speciation

PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS include:

A
  • Geographical Isolation
  • Temporal Isolation
  • Behavioral Isolation
  • Gametic Isolation
  • Mechanical Isolation
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9
Q

Causes of Speciation

POSTZYGOTIC BARRIERS include:

A
  • Mixed set of chromosomes
  • Unhealthy individual
  • Infertility
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10
Q

Causes of Speciation: PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS

  • Populations are prevented from
    interbreeding by habitat isolation

is a common way for the process of speciation to begin:

A

Geographical Isolation

rivers change course, mountains rise, continents drift, organisms migrate, and what was once a continuous population is divided into two or more smaller populations

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11
Q

Causes of Speciation: PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS

Populations are prevented from interbreeding by the difference in their mating or reproduction time

A

Temporal Isolation

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12
Q

Causes of Speciation: PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS

Two species might have different courtship behaviors or mate preferences and thus
find each other “unattractive”

A

Behavioral Isolation

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13
Q

Causes of Speciation: PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS

Two species might produce egg and sperm cells that can’t combine in fertilization, even if they meet up through mating.

A

Gametic Isolation

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14
Q

Causes of Speciation: PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS

Two species might have bodies or reproductive
structures that simply don’t fit together.

A

Mechanical Isolation

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15
Q

Modes of Speciation

  1. Allopatric - geographical barrier
  2. Parapatric -
  3. Sympatric -
  4. Peripatric -
A
  1. geographical barrier
  2. partial spatial isolation
  3. genetic polymorphism
  4. isolation of a population at the periphery
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16
Q

Modes of Speciation

  • occurs when a species separates into two separate groups which are isolated from one another
  • physical barrier
  • Each species develops differently based on the demands of their unique habitat or the genetic
    characteristics     of the group that are passed on to offspring

Salamanders in California (other move to west from east, separated by river, causes genetic drift, now the population from west cannot mate to those in east)

A

Allopatric Speciation

17
Q

Modes of Speciation

  • Happens when small groups of individuals
    break off from the larger group     and form a
    new species
  • Physical barriers
  • one group is much smaller than the other and the unique characteristics of the smaller groups are passed on to future generations of the group, making those traits more common among that group and distinguishing it from the others.
A

Peripatric Speciation

18
Q

Modes of Speciation

  • A species is spread out over a large geographic area.
  • Although it is possible for any member of the species to mate with another member, individuals only mate with those in their own geographic region.
  • Instead of being separated by a physical barrier, the species are separated by differences in the same environment
A

Parapatric Speciation

there is a hybrid zone (where they maintain contact)

ex. the Galapagos finches

19
Q

Modes of Speciation

  • occurs when there are no physical barriers
    preventing any members of a species from mating with another, and all members are in close proximity to one another.
  • A new species, perhaps based on a different food source or characteristic, seems to develop spontaneously.
A

Sympatric Speciation

EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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