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EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY > CHAPTER 2.1 Earth's Geological Beginnings > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2.1 Earth's Geological Beginnings Flashcards

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1
Q

Early Earth Conditions

  1. Atmosphere —
  2. Meteor and comet strikes were common
  3. Moon was much closer
  4. There was —
  5. Very little —
A

lacked free oxygen
more volcanic activity
land

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2
Q

Earth’s Sphere

biosphere -
geosphere - terrestrial
hydrosphere - water
atmosphere - gaseous layer above
cryosphere -

A

the realm of life
ice frozen

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3
Q

Layers of the Earth

definition
1. Chemical Layering -
2. Physical/ Mechanical Layering -

A
  • based on composition
  • based on rigidity
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4
Q

Chemical Layering

Basic Composition - rocky, metallic
what are the layers according to chemical layering and what are they composed of?

A

crust - composed of Silicates
mantle - composed of Silicates
core - composed or Iron

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5
Q

Physical layering

what are the layers of the earth according to physical layering?

A

a. lithosphere - rigid outer layer (crust)
b. astenosphere - solid rock that flows slowly (plastic)
c. mesosphere - middle layer and solid part of the lower mantle
d. outer core - liquid (Fe, Ni layer)
e. inner core - solid (Fe, Ni; very dense)

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6
Q

type of crust

very dense, made of basalt, thin and young (5-7 km)

chemical layering

A

oceanic crust

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7
Q

type of crust

less dense, made of granite (10-70 km)

chemical layering

A

continental crust

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8
Q
  • composed of Mg, Fe and Si
  • layers are heterogenous
  • more solid near the surface
  • contains Astenosphere (plastic layer)

chemical layering

A

mantle

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9
Q
  • composed of Ni and Fe
  • very hot and is 1/3 of earth’s weight

chemical layering

A

core

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10
Q

Discontinuities on the layers of Earth

  1. boundary between crust and mantle
  2. boundary between mantle and outer core
  3. boundary between outer core and inner core
A

Mohorovicic discontinuity
Gutenberg discontinuity
Wiechert discontinuity

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11
Q

Evidence that Earth is Layered

A

S-waves - does not travel on liquids, travels on plastic but slow causing angle of deflection (travels on solid - discovery of core)
P-waves - travels any type of medium (primary wave, first wave - earthquake)

due to S and P waves

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12
Q

Who proposes Continental Drift Theory?

A

Alfred Wegener

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13
Q

one ocean

A

panthalassa

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14
Q

Evidences for Continental Drift

Matching coastlines

A

South America and middle of Africa
North America and north of Africa
Greenland and Europe
Asia and Australia

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15
Q

Evidences for Continental Drift

Matching fossils

A

Cynognathus (triassic land reptile) - S. America and Africa
Lystrosaurus (triassic land reptile) - Africa, India, and Antartica
Mesosaurus (freshwater reptile) - S. America and Africa
Glossopteris (large Pteridophyte) - all of the southern continents

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16
Q

Evidences for Continental Drift

Matching Glacial Deposits

A

all Southern areas S. America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antartica

as the temperature rises, glacriers fall and scratches the ground

17
Q

Evidences for Continental Drift

Matching mountain ranges

A

Appalachian Mountains of North America and Caledonian Mountains of Scandinavia

18
Q

Global Tectonics - moving because of —-

lithospheric plates and tectonic plates are the ones cracked and not the continents

A

radioactive decay

this causes several currents that moves the plates

19
Q

fracture that separates one plate from another

A

plate boundary

20
Q

plate boundary

  • moves apart
  • causing ridges
A

divergent

21
Q

plate boundary

  • move towards each other
  • causing trenches
A

convergent

22
Q

3 Kinds of Convergent Boundaries

a. oceanic and continental
b. oceanic and oceanic
c. continental and continenal

A

a. oceanic crust sinks; trench and volcano on continental crust
b. based on rate of movement (faster - floats; slower - subducts), based on age (older plate sinks); trench and volcanic island arc
c. mountains form, no formation of volcanoes

23
Q

plate boundary

  • two plates slide horizontally past one another as they move in opposite directions
  • frequent earthquakes
A

transform

24
Q

Supercontinents and Age

A

Ur 3 bya
Kenorland 2.5 bya
Nuna/ Columbia 1.8 bya
Rodinia 1.1 bya
Pangea 240 mya

EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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