Chapter 7 - Economic and Social Developments Flashcards
What is State capitalism?
An economic system with elements of socialism and capitalism
When were banks, railways and trade nationalised?
. Banks - 1917
. Railway - 1918
. External trade - 1918
What is Goelro?
Organise the production and distribution of electricity throughout Russia.
Why did the Russian workforce decrease?
Workers had left Russia to serve in the army
Why was Ukraine significant for Russia?
. Ukraine was Russia’s main producer of grain
. Loss of Ukraine was a major blow to Russia
How by of the Petrograd workforce left in April 1918?
60%
How much did Russia’s urban proletariat population decrease by?
Between Jan 1917 and Jan 1919 Russia’s urban proletariat declined from 3.6 to 1.4 million
How many people died during the civil war?
5 million people
What disease swept through Russia in 1920?
Typhus - killed 3 million people
What is war communism?
Political and economic system during the Civil War in order to keep towns and the Red Army provided with food and weapons
What is requisitioning?
Grain requisitioning meant that the peasant grain was given to the Red Army due to War Communism and peasants had little to survive on
What were grain prices like for the Russian people?
. The peasants were given a fixed price for their grain
. Soldiers, the Cheka and workers who arrived from towns often seized more grain for less money
What were the kulaks?
Russian peasants who were wealthy enough to own their land and have their own labour
How far had nationalism spread by 1920?
Nationalisation was extended to all nearby factories and businesses
What were the effects of war communism?
. Transport systems were disrupted
. Factories were working inefficiently
. The population declined
What had happened to industrial output?
Total industrial output had fallen 20%
. Population of Petrograd had fallen by 57.5% and 44.5% in Moscow in 1920
What happened to Russia’s population?
Fell from 170.9 million to 130.9 million by 1921
What was the Red Terror?
. The Cheka carried out the task of killing all previous political opponents such as the SRs, Mensheviks, anarchists and anyone who showed a possible threat
When was the Tambov revolt and what was it?
. 1920-21 - The Tambov province had many people die due to malnourishment and disease
. 70,000 man peasant army led by Antonov rose up against the grain requisitioning squads
. Eventually defeated - 100,000 Red Army troops destroyed the villages
What was the Kronstadt uprising and when was it?
. 1921 - The Kronstadt sailors were loyal to the Bolsheviks however they striked due to shortages of food - 30,000 sailors rebelled
What were the results of the Kronstadt uprising?
. Tukhachevsky and his Red Army were sent to crush the sailors
. The ringleaders of the revolt were all shot
. 15,000 rebels were prisoners and sent to concentration camps
What did the NEP mean for Russia?
. Grain requisitioning was ended and the ban on private trading was removed
. The state would continue to keep control of large-scale heavy industries such as coal, oil, steel.
. Small industries were given back to private hands
. Rationing was ended
What were the results of NEP?
. In 1923, large quantities of food emerged which caused food prices to drop
. By 1925, there were 25,000 private traders known as Nepmen, and accounted for 75% of trade
