Chapter 7 - Depressive and Bipolar Disorders (Topic 7) Flashcards by Henry Nguyen

what are the 4 terms to describe problems associated with emotional response systems

Emotion
Mood
Feeling
Affect

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what is an emotion

Is a positive or negative experience generally in reaction to stimuli that are accompanied by physiological arousal and characteristic behaviours 5: (happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, anger, disgust)

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Different emotions are marked by different changes in…

heart rate, skin temperature, blood flow, & sweating

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Emotions also have cognitive processes (I will never take a class again with presentations) and visible expressions/behavioural reactions. True or false

true

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what is the definition of feelings

subjective representation of emotions

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what is the definition of Affect

refers to pattern of observable behaviours associated with emotions (e.g. facial expression, voice pitch). [An umbrella term]

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what is the definition of Mood

refers to a pervasive and sustained emotional response that can influence a person’s perception of the world (e.g. depressed mood) – more diffuse than an emotion

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what are Mood disorders

defined in terms of episodes which are discreet periods of time in which the person’s behaviour dominated by depressed or manic mood or both.

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what are the 5 ways we can differentiate between normal sadness & clinical depression?

1.The mood change is pervasive across situations and persistent over time.
2. The mood change may occur in the absence of any precipitating events.
3. The depressed mood impairs social and occupational functioning.
4. The change in mood is accompanied by symptoms that include cognitive, somatic, and behavioural features.
5. The nature of the mood change is different than normal sadness.

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what are the 4 keys symptoms of mood disorders

emotional symptoms
cognitive symptoms
somatic symptoms
behavioural symptoms

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what are the emotional symptoms

brief negative emotions serve a useful communicating function
prolonged, intense emotions become problematic to our daily functioning
dysphoric mood (e.g. feeling gloomy), anxiety
In mania there is euphoria, elation, as well as irritability

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what are the cognitive symptoms

changes in the way people think
unrealistic expectations
Unrealistics goals
preoccupations and cognitive distortions
thinking slowed down or sped up
memory difficulties
self-blame
Suicidal ideation

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what are the somatic symptoms

Clinically significant changes in:
fatigue
aches & pains
sleep patterns
appetite
hygiene
Sexual drive

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what are the behavioural symptoms

apparent lack of caring for others
changes in the things people do and how they do them
psychomotor retardation in depressed individuals
sped up, impulsive behaviour in mania

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what are the the common feature of Depressive Disorders

presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes

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what makes each Depressive Disorder different

issues of duration, timing, or presumed etiology.

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what are the 4 depressive disorders

Major Depressive Disorder
Persistent depressive disorder (formerly known as dysthymia)
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation

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what is Major depressive disorder

Prescence of a major depressive episode
No pattern of mania or hypomania

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what is the duration of Major depressive disorder

For a 2-week period, person displays an increase in depressed mood for the majority of each day and/or a decrease in enjoyment or interest across most activities for the majority of each day

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those with major depressive disorder must experience how many of the following symptoms;

Considerable weight change or appetite change
Daily insomnia or hypersomnia
Daily agitation or decrease in moto activity
Daily fatigue or lethargy
Daily feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
Daily reduction in the concentration of decisiveness
Repeated focus on death or suicide, a suicide plan or a suicide attempt

3 or 4

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what are the symptoms of major depressive disorder

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what is the total amount of symptoms a person with Major depressive disorder must experience

what are the requirements for Persistent depressive disorder(formerly known as dysthymia)

Person experiences the symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years

During the 2-year period, symptoms not absent for more than 2 monts at a time

No history of mania or hypomania

Significant distress or impairment

Persistent depressive disorder represents a

chronic mild depressive condition that has been present for many years (i.e., at least 2)

how many of the following symptoms must a person with persistent depressive disorder experience Poor appetite or overeating Insomnia or hypersomnia Low energy Low self-esteem Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions Feelings of hopelessness

2 or more

what is the one year prevalence(percent) of Major depressive disorder

what is the female to male ratio of major depressive disorder

2:1

what is the one year prevalence(percent) of Persistant depressive disorder

1.5-5

what is the female to male ratio of Persistant depressive disorder

3:2 and 2:1

what are the requirement for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

In most menstrual cycles during the past year 5 depressive symptoms must be present that cause impairment

Diagnosis for premenstrual dysphoric disorder requires ____of ___symptoms during most cycles over the past year with at least one symptom being either 1,2,3, or 4: Depressed mood Anxiety, tension, feeling “keyed up” Affective liability Anger or irritability Decreased interest in usual activities Difficulty in concentrating Lack of energy, fatigue Change in appetite, specific food cravings Hypersomnia or insomnia A subjective sese of being overwhelmed or feeling “out of control” Physical symptoms, such as breast tenderness, headaches, joint or muscle pain, bloating, weight gain

5/11

what are the requirements for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation

diagnoses children who exhibit: persistent irritability frequent episodes of behavior outbursts three or more times a week for more than a year.

what are the 3 episodes of bipolar disorder

Mania, Hypomania, & Mixed

what are the 3 bipolar/related disorders

Bipolar I Bipolar II Cyclothymic Disorder

what are the requirments of a manic episode

1 week or more, person displays a continually abnormal, inflated, unrestrained, or irritable mood continually heightened energy or activity for most of every day.

Person also experiences at least______ of the following symptoms (manic episode) Grandiosity or overblown self-esteem Reduced sleep need Increased talkativeness or drive to continue talking Rapidly shifting ideas or the sense that one’s thoughts are moving very fast Attention pulled in many directions Heightened activity or agitated movements Excessive pursuit of risky and potentially problematic activities

what are the symptoms of a manic episode

Grandiosity or overblown self-esteem Reduced sleep need Increased talkativeness or drive to continue talking Rapidly shifting ideas or the sense that one’s thoughts are moving very fast Attention pulled in many directions Heightened activity or agitated movements Excessive pursuit of risky and potentially problematic activities Significant distress or impairment

what are the requirements of Hypomania

Episodes of increased energy that are not as severe as full-blown mania for at least 4 days

what are the requirements for Mixed episode feature

Denotes a mood that simultaneously contains both manic/ hypomanic and depressive symptoms

what is Bipolar I Disorder

Occurrence of a manic episode Hypomanic or major depressive episodes may precede or follow the manic episode

what is Bipolar II Disorder

Presence or history of major depressive episodes(s) Presence or history of hypomanic episode(s) No history of a manic episode

requirements for Unipolar Disorders

average age is mid 20s 10% have depression for 2 years 50% will recover within 6 months of those, 50% will relapse in 3 years Individuals with 2 episodes have a 70% chance of having a third Individuals who have a third episode have a 90% chance of having a fourth

what is the age of onset for Bipolar Disorders

between 28-33 yrs - 1% of population

Bipolar Disorders could start as...

manic or depressive Due to stressors Usually a depressive episode follows a manic episod

what is the average duration of average duration of an episode (bipolar disorder)

2-3 months

what is Comorbidity

the simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient.

what percentage of people with mood disorder are alcohol dependent

40%

what are the two Etiological Considerations

Social Factors Psychological factors

what does social factors entail

Depression: Stressful life events Bipolar: goal-attainment events

what does Psychological factors entail

Cognitive vulnerability

what is Beck’s theories

distortions leading to and sustaining depression depressive triad (demeaning sense of self, world, the future) negative schema formation

what is the ABCDE Model

The ABCDE coaching model is a behavioral therapy model

what does the ABCDE Model stand for

Activating event - stimuli in our world Belief system - negative belief of activating event Consequences - negative misattribution Disputation - challenging self Effect - consequence of challenging self

what does Interpersonal Factors refer to

Connects the cognitive vulnerability/distortion with the social