Chapter 7 - Depressive and Bipolar Disorders (Topic 7) Flashcards
what are the 4 terms to describe problems associated with emotional response systems
Emotion
Mood
Feeling
Affect
what is an emotion
Is a positive or negative experience generally in reaction to stimuli that are accompanied by physiological arousal and characteristic behaviours 5: (happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, anger, disgust)
Different emotions are marked by different changes in…
heart rate, skin temperature, blood flow, & sweating
Emotions also have cognitive processes (I will never take a class again with presentations) and visible expressions/behavioural reactions. True or false
true
what is the definition of feelings
subjective representation of emotions
what is the definition of Affect
refers to pattern of observable behaviours associated with emotions (e.g. facial expression, voice pitch). [An umbrella term]
what is the definition of Mood
refers to a pervasive and sustained emotional response that can influence a person’s perception of the world (e.g. depressed mood) – more diffuse than an emotion
what are Mood disorders
defined in terms of episodes which are discreet periods of time in which the person’s behaviour dominated by depressed or manic mood or both.
what are the 5 ways we can differentiate between normal sadness & clinical depression?
1.The mood change is pervasive across situations and persistent over time.
2. The mood change may occur in the absence of any precipitating events.
3. The depressed mood impairs social and occupational functioning.
4. The change in mood is accompanied by symptoms that include cognitive, somatic, and behavioural features.
5. The nature of the mood change is different than normal sadness.
what are the 4 keys symptoms of mood disorders
emotional symptoms
cognitive symptoms
somatic symptoms
behavioural symptoms
what are the emotional symptoms
brief negative emotions serve a useful communicating function
prolonged, intense emotions become problematic to our daily functioning
dysphoric mood (e.g. feeling gloomy), anxiety
In mania there is euphoria, elation, as well as irritability
what are the cognitive symptoms
changes in the way people think
unrealistic expectations
Unrealistics goals
preoccupations and cognitive distortions
thinking slowed down or sped up
memory difficulties
self-blame
Suicidal ideation
what are the somatic symptoms
Clinically significant changes in:
fatigue
aches & pains
sleep patterns
appetite
hygiene
Sexual drive
what are the behavioural symptoms
apparent lack of caring for others
changes in the things people do and how they do them
psychomotor retardation in depressed individuals
sped up, impulsive behaviour in mania
what are the the common feature of Depressive Disorders
presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes
what makes each Depressive Disorder different
issues of duration, timing, or presumed etiology.
what are the 4 depressive disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
Persistent depressive disorder (formerly known as dysthymia)
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation
what is Major depressive disorder
Prescence of a major depressive episode
No pattern of mania or hypomania
what is the duration of Major depressive disorder
For a 2-week period, person displays an increase in depressed mood for the majority of each day and/or a decrease in enjoyment or interest across most activities for the majority of each day
those with major depressive disorder must experience how many of the following symptoms;
Considerable weight change or appetite change
Daily insomnia or hypersomnia
Daily agitation or decrease in moto activity
Daily fatigue or lethargy
Daily feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
Daily reduction in the concentration of decisiveness
Repeated focus on death or suicide, a suicide plan or a suicide attempt
3 or 4
what are the symptoms of major depressive disorder
Considerable weight change or appetite change
Daily insomnia or hypersomnia
Daily agitation or decrease in moto activity
Daily fatigue or lethargy
Daily feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
Daily reduction in the concentration of decisiveness
Repeated focus on death or suicide, a suicide plan or a suicide attempt
what is the total amount of symptoms a person with Major depressive disorder must experience
5
what are the requirements for Persistent depressive disorder(formerly known as dysthymia)
Person experiences the symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years
During the 2-year period, symptoms not absent for more than 2 monts at a time
No history of mania or hypomania
Significant distress or impairment
Persistent depressive disorder represents a
chronic mild depressive condition that has been present for many years (i.e., at least 2)
how many of the following symptoms must a person with persistent depressive disorder experience
Poor appetite or overeating
Insomnia or hypersomnia
Low energy
Low self-esteem
Poor concentration or difficulty making decisions
Feelings of hopelessness
2 or more
what is the one year prevalence(percent) of Major depressive disorder
8
what is the female to male ratio of major depressive disorder
2:1
what is the one year prevalence(percent) of Persistant depressive disorder
1.5-5
what is the female to male ratio of Persistant depressive disorder
3:2 and 2:1
what are the requirement for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
In most menstrual cycles during the past year 5 depressive symptoms must be present that cause impairment
Diagnosis for premenstrual dysphoric disorder requires ____of ___symptoms during most cycles over the past year with at least one symptom being either 1,2,3, or 4:
Depressed mood
Anxiety, tension, feeling “keyed up”
Affective liability
Anger or irritability
Decreased interest in usual activities
Difficulty in concentrating
Lack of energy, fatigue
Change in appetite, specific food cravings
Hypersomnia or insomnia
A subjective sese of being overwhelmed or feeling “out of control”
Physical symptoms, such as breast tenderness, headaches, joint or muscle pain, bloating, weight gain
5/11
what are the requirements for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation
diagnoses children who exhibit:
persistent irritability
frequent episodes of behavior outbursts
three or more times a week for more than a year.
what are the 3 episodes of bipolar disorder
Mania, Hypomania, & Mixed
what are the 3 bipolar/related disorders
Bipolar I
Bipolar II
Cyclothymic Disorder
what are the requirments of a manic episode
1 week or more,
person displays a continually abnormal, inflated, unrestrained, or irritable mood
continually heightened energy or activity
for most of every day.
Person also experiences at least______ of the following symptoms (manic episode)
Grandiosity or overblown self-esteem
Reduced sleep need
Increased talkativeness or drive to continue talking
Rapidly shifting ideas or the sense that one’s thoughts are moving very fast
Attention pulled in many directions
Heightened activity or agitated movements
Excessive pursuit of risky and potentially problematic activities
3
what are the symptoms of a manic episode
Grandiosity or overblown self-esteem
Reduced sleep need
Increased talkativeness or drive to continue talking
Rapidly shifting ideas or the sense that one’s thoughts are moving very fast
Attention pulled in many directions
Heightened activity or agitated movements
Excessive pursuit of risky and potentially problematic activities
Significant distress or impairment
what are the requirements of Hypomania
Episodes of increased energy that are not as severe as full-blown mania
for at least 4 days
what are the requirements for Mixed episode feature
Denotes a mood that simultaneously contains both manic/ hypomanic and depressive symptoms
what is Bipolar I Disorder
Occurrence of a manic episode
Hypomanic or major depressive episodes may precede or follow the manic episode
what is Bipolar II Disorder
Presence or history of major depressive episodes(s)
Presence or history of hypomanic episode(s)
No history of a manic episode
requirements for Unipolar Disorders
average age is mid 20s
10% have depression for 2 years
50% will recover within 6 months
of those, 50% will relapse in 3 years
Individuals with 2 episodes have a 70% chance of having a third
Individuals who have a third episode have a 90% chance of having a fourth
what is the age of onset for Bipolar Disorders
between 28-33 yrs - 1% of population
Bipolar Disorders could start as…
manic or depressive
Due to stressors
Usually a depressive episode follows a manic episod
what is the average duration of average duration of an episode (bipolar disorder)
2-3 months
what is Comorbidity
the simultaneous presence of two or more diseases or medical conditions in a patient.
what percentage of people with mood disorder are alcohol dependent
40%
what are the two Etiological Considerations
Social Factors
Psychological factors
what does social factors entail
Depression: Stressful life events
Bipolar: goal-attainment events
what does Psychological factors entail
Cognitive vulnerability
what is Beck’s theories
distortions leading to and sustaining depression
depressive triad (demeaning sense of self, world, the future)
negative schema formation
what is the ABCDE Model
The ABCDE coaching model is a behavioral therapy model
what does the ABCDE Model stand for
Activating event - stimuli in our world
Belief system - negative belief of activating event
Consequences - negative misattribution
Disputation - challenging self
Effect - consequence of challenging self
what does Interpersonal Factors refer to
Connects the cognitive vulnerability/distortion with the social
