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HH/PSYC3140 A - Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 3 - Causes/Models of Abnormal Psychology (Topic 5) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Causes/Models of Abnormal Psychology (Topic 5) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a paradigm

A

set of shared assumptions that includes both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect data and test the theory

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2
Q

what are the 4 types of abnormal behaviour paradigms

A

Biological
Psychodynamic
Cognitive behavioural
Humanistic

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3
Q

what are the two components of the Integrative Systems Approach:

A

Biopsychosocial
Diathesis-stress

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4
Q

what is the Biological Paradigm of abnormal psychology

A

Cause of abnormal behaviour = biological abnormalities
Cause of mental illness is structural, functional and biological and heredity

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5
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence to support the biological paradigm

A

Behaviour genetics
Molecular genetics
Biochemistry

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6
Q

what is Behaviour Genetics

A

Examines how much of individual differences in behaviour are due to genetic makeup

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7
Q

what is a Genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism

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8
Q

what is a Phenotype

A

set of observable characteristics of an individual
changes over time,
a product of interaction between genotype and environment

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9
Q

what is diathesis

A

a hereditary or constitutional predisposition to a disease or other disorder

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10
Q

what are the 3 ways to study Behaviour Genetics

A

Family Studies
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies

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11
Q

what are Family Studies in abnormal psychology

A

Studies the 1st degree and 2nd-degree relatives of probands to determine if mental illness is inherited

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12
Q

1st degree relatives share what percentage of their genes

A

50%

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13
Q

2nd degree relatives share what percentage of their genes

A

25%

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14
Q

If a predisposition exists → 1st-degree relatives will have the disorder at a higher rate than general population. True or false

A

True

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15
Q

what is Twin Studies in abnormal psychology

A

Compare monozygotic (100% genes shared) and dizygotic twins (50% genes shared)

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16
Q

what does concordant refer to in twins

A

When twins have the same diagnosis

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17
Q

Concordance should be > in……

A

monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins if disorder is heritable

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18
Q

what are Adoption Studies

A

Examine children with mental illness who were adopted and reared apart from their parents

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19
Q

why are Adoption Studies effective

A

Eliminating the effects of being raised by disordered parents
Reduces influence of shared environment on behaviour providing support for influence of genetics

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20
Q

what is Molecular Genetics in abnormal psychology

A

Attempt to specify particular gene(s) involved in mental illness

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21
Q

what is Linkage analysis

A

collects blood samples (DNA) from probands and relatives to find inheritance patterns “genetic markers” for a disorder

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22
Q

what is Neuroscience

A

study of the brain and nervous system

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23
Q

what are Neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances that allow a nerve impulse to cross the synapse

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24
Q

Noreprinepherine release in PNS =

A

high arousal linked to anxiety

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25
Seratonin and Dopamine in Brain
depression and adhd
26
GABA in Brain =
anxiety
27
Too much or too little of a particular neurotransmitter could be cause of a particular form of psychopathology. True or false
true
28
what are the 3 Major Brain Structures
Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain
29
what are the mental disorders associated with Structural abnormalities
Alzheimer’s Schizophrenia
30
what does the Behavioral Paradigm suggest
Abnormal behaviour is learned behaviour
31
what are the 3 types of learning:
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Modeling
32
what is Classical Conditioning
Pairing a neutral stimulus with a unconditioned stimulus = unconditioned response
33
what was John Watson's “Little Albert" experiment
Loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) every time little albert reached for the rat causing great feat (unconditioned response)
34
what is Operant Conditioning
Desired behaviors are reinforced (positive or negative reinforcement)
35
what is Positive reinforcement
result in strengthening response the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior
36
what is Negative reinforcement:
removing a negative reinforcer to strengthen response
37
how are Undesirable behaviours extinguished
Rewarded Punishment
38
what is Modeling
We learn how to behave by watching others and imitating behaviours Whether we produce a given behaviour depends on whether we have seen the behaviour reinforced or punished
39
what are some Criticisms of the Behavioural Paradigm
Abnormal behaviour is not always associated with learned behaviour – e.g., Schizophrenia Simplistic – circular reasoning (description as explanation)
40
describe circular reasoning
If A then B, If B then A
41
what is the Cognitive Paradigm
Abnormal behaviour is the result of faulty thinking patterns Learners are not passive responders to the environment Learners make connections between new and old information – develop schemas
42
what is the Cognitive-Behavioural Paradigm
Thoughts, feelings, behaviors are causally interrelated
43
what is Cognitive-behavioural therapy – CBT
a talking therapy that can help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave
44
what is the Psychoanalytic Paradigm
Abnormal behaviour results from unconscious conflicts within the person
45
what are the three parts of the Psyche
Id Ego Super Ego
46
what is the Id
unconscious, present at birth, wants to satisfy basic urges (food, water, elimination, warmth, affection, sex), operates on pleasure principle
47
what is the Ego
primarily conscious, tries to satisfy id impulses without breaking societal rules, operates on reality principle
48
what is the Super Ego
conscious, operates as our morality centre or conscience
49
what produces moral anxiety
Conflict between the superego and ego
50
what produces neurotic anxiety
conflict between the id and ego
51
what are the 5 parts of Freudian Defense Mechanisms
Denial Displacement Projection Rationalization Repression
52
what is denial
Insistence that an experience, memory, or need did not occur or does not exist. ex: You completely block a painful experience from your memory.
53
what is displacement
Feelings or actions are transferred from one person or object to another that is less threatening. ex: You kick your dog when you are upset with your boss.
54
what is Projection
Attributing one’s own feelings or thoughts to other people. ex: A husband argues that his wife is angry at him when, if fact, he is angry at her.
55
what is Rationalization
Intellectually justifying a feeling or event. After not getting the offer, you decide that a job you applied for was not the one you really wanted.
56
what is Repression
Diverting id impulses into constructive and acceptable outlets. You study hard to get good grades rather than giving in to desires for immediate pleasure.
57
what are the 5 stages in which personality develops
Oral(birth to 1 year) Anal(2 years) Phallic(3 to 6 years) Latency(6 – 12 years) Genital(13+)
58
where does the id derive pleasure in the oral stage(birth to 1 year)
needs gratified orally (sucking)
59
where does the id derive pleasure in the Anal(2 years) stage
needs met through elimination of waste
60
where does the id derive pleasure in the Phallic(3 to 6 years) stage
needs met through genital stimulation
61
where does the id derive pleasure in the Latency(6 – 12 years) stage
impulses dormant
62
where does the id derive pleasure in the Genital(13+) stage
needs met through intercourse
63
what is the Humanistic Paradigm
Abnormal behaviour is the result of lack of insight Focus is not on where problems come from but on intervention Reach self actualization
64
what did Carl Rogers do
developed Client-centred (person-centred) therapy thought that Role of a therapist is to provide unconditional positive regard – value a client as they are, whatever their behaviour
65
what is the Integrative Paradigms
abnormal behaviour is too complex to be explained by any one paradigm
66
what is the Diathesis – Stress Paradigm
Links biological, psychological, and environmental factors Interaction between a predisposition toward a mental illness (the diathesis) and environmental or life disturbances (the stress) Diathesis + STRESS = disorder
67
what is the Biopsychosocial Paradigm
Biological, Psychological, and Social Factors = different levels of analysis or subsystems within the paradigm Mental illness is result of complex interactions among various factors

HH/PSYC3140 A - Abnormal Psychology (5 decks)

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