Chapter 3 - Causes/Models of Abnormal Psychology (Topic 5) Flashcards
what is a paradigm
set of shared assumptions that includes both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect data and test the theory
what are the 4 types of abnormal behaviour paradigms
Biological
Psychodynamic
Cognitive behavioural
Humanistic
what are the two components of the Integrative Systems Approach:
Biopsychosocial
Diathesis-stress
what is the Biological Paradigm of abnormal psychology
Cause of abnormal behaviour = biological abnormalities
Cause of mental illness is structural, functional and biological and heredity
what are the 3 pieces of evidence to support the biological paradigm
Behaviour genetics
Molecular genetics
Biochemistry
what is Behaviour Genetics
Examines how much of individual differences in behaviour are due to genetic makeup
what is a Genotype
the genetic makeup of an organism
what is a Phenotype
set of observable characteristics of an individual
changes over time,
a product of interaction between genotype and environment
what is diathesis
a hereditary or constitutional predisposition to a disease or other disorder
what are the 3 ways to study Behaviour Genetics
Family Studies
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies
what are Family Studies in abnormal psychology
Studies the 1st degree and 2nd-degree relatives of probands to determine if mental illness is inherited
1st degree relatives share what percentage of their genes
50%
2nd degree relatives share what percentage of their genes
25%
If a predisposition exists → 1st-degree relatives will have the disorder at a higher rate than general population. True or false
True
what is Twin Studies in abnormal psychology
Compare monozygotic (100% genes shared) and dizygotic twins (50% genes shared)
what does concordant refer to in twins
When twins have the same diagnosis
Concordance should be > in……
monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins if disorder is heritable
what are Adoption Studies
Examine children with mental illness who were adopted and reared apart from their parents
why are Adoption Studies effective
Eliminating the effects of being raised by disordered parents
Reduces influence of shared environment on behaviour providing support for influence of genetics
what is Molecular Genetics in abnormal psychology
Attempt to specify particular gene(s) involved in mental illness
what is Linkage analysis
collects blood samples (DNA) from probands and relatives to find inheritance patterns “genetic markers” for a disorder
what is Neuroscience
study of the brain and nervous system
what are Neurotransmitters
chemical substances that allow a nerve impulse to cross the synapse
Noreprinepherine release in PNS =
high arousal linked to anxiety
Seratonin and Dopamine in Brain
depression and adhd
GABA in Brain =
anxiety
Too much or too little of a particular neurotransmitter could be cause of a particular form of psychopathology. True or false
true
what are the 3 Major Brain Structures
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
what are the mental disorders associated with Structural abnormalities
Alzheimer’s
Schizophrenia
what does the Behavioral Paradigm suggest
Abnormal behaviour is learned behaviour
what are the 3 types of learning:
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Modeling
what is Classical Conditioning
Pairing a neutral stimulus with a unconditioned stimulus = unconditioned response
what was John Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment
Loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) every time little albert reached for the rat causing great feat (unconditioned response)
what is Operant Conditioning
Desired behaviors are reinforced (positive or negative reinforcement)
what is Positive reinforcement
result in strengthening response
the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior
what is Negative reinforcement:
removing a negative reinforcer to strengthen response
how are Undesirable behaviours extinguished
Rewarded
Punishment
what is Modeling
We learn how to behave by watching others and imitating behaviours
Whether we produce a given behaviour depends on whether we have seen the behaviour reinforced or punished
what are some Criticisms of the Behavioural Paradigm
Abnormal behaviour is not always associated with learned behaviour – e.g., Schizophrenia
Simplistic – circular reasoning (description as explanation)
describe circular reasoning
If A then B, If B then A
what is the Cognitive Paradigm
Abnormal behaviour is the result of faulty thinking patterns
Learners are not passive responders to the environment
Learners make connections between new and old information – develop schemas
what is the Cognitive-Behavioural Paradigm
Thoughts, feelings, behaviors are causally interrelated
what is Cognitive-behavioural therapy – CBT
a talking therapy that can help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave
what is the Psychoanalytic Paradigm
Abnormal behaviour results from unconscious conflicts within the person
what are the three parts of the Psyche
Id
Ego
Super Ego
what is the Id
unconscious, present at birth, wants to satisfy basic urges (food, water, elimination, warmth, affection, sex), operates on pleasure principle
what is the Ego
primarily conscious, tries to satisfy id impulses without breaking societal rules, operates on reality principle
what is the Super Ego
conscious, operates as our morality centre or conscience
what produces moral anxiety
Conflict between the superego and ego
what produces neurotic anxiety
conflict between the id and ego
what are the 5 parts of Freudian Defense Mechanisms
Denial
Displacement
Projection
Rationalization
Repression
what is denial
Insistence that an experience, memory, or need did not occur or does not exist.
ex: You completely block a painful experience from your memory.
what is displacement
Feelings or actions are transferred from one person or object to another that is less threatening.
ex: You kick your dog when you are upset with your boss.
what is Projection
Attributing one’s own feelings or thoughts to other people.
ex: A husband argues that his wife is angry at him when, if fact, he is angry at her.
what is Rationalization
Intellectually justifying a feeling or event.
After not getting the offer, you decide that a job you applied for was not the one you really wanted.
what is Repression
Diverting id impulses into constructive and acceptable outlets.
You study hard to get good grades rather than giving in to desires for immediate pleasure.
what are the 5 stages in which personality develops
Oral(birth to 1 year)
Anal(2 years)
Phallic(3 to 6 years)
Latency(6 – 12 years)
Genital(13+)
where does the id derive pleasure in the oral stage(birth to 1 year)
needs gratified orally (sucking)
where does the id derive pleasure in the Anal(2 years) stage
needs met through elimination of waste
where does the id derive pleasure in the Phallic(3 to 6 years) stage
needs met through genital stimulation
where does the id derive pleasure in the Latency(6 – 12 years) stage
impulses dormant
where does the id derive pleasure in the Genital(13+) stage
needs met through intercourse
what is the Humanistic Paradigm
Abnormal behaviour is the result of lack of insight
Focus is not on where problems come from but on intervention
Reach self actualization
what did Carl Rogers do
developed Client-centred (person-centred) therapy
thought that Role of a therapist is to provide unconditional positive regard – value a client as they are, whatever their behaviour
what is the Integrative Paradigms
abnormal behaviour is too complex to be explained by any one paradigm
what is the Diathesis – Stress Paradigm
Links biological, psychological, and environmental factors
Interaction between a predisposition toward a mental illness (the diathesis) and environmental or life disturbances (the stress)
Diathesis + STRESS = disorder
what is the Biopsychosocial Paradigm
Biological, Psychological, and Social Factors = different levels of analysis or subsystems within the paradigm
Mental illness is result of complex interactions among various factors
