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HH/PSYC3140 A - Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 3 - Causes/Models of Abnormal Psychology (Topic 5) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Causes/Models of Abnormal Psychology (Topic 5) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a paradigm

A

set of shared assumptions that includes both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect data and test the theory

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2
Q

what are the 4 types of abnormal behaviour paradigms

A

Biological
Psychodynamic
Cognitive behavioural
Humanistic

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3
Q

what are the two components of the Integrative Systems Approach:

A

Biopsychosocial
Diathesis-stress

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4
Q

what is the Biological Paradigm of abnormal psychology

A

Cause of abnormal behaviour = biological abnormalities
Cause of mental illness is structural, functional and biological and heredity

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5
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence to support the biological paradigm

A

Behaviour genetics
Molecular genetics
Biochemistry

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6
Q

what is Behaviour Genetics

A

Examines how much of individual differences in behaviour are due to genetic makeup

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7
Q

what is a Genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism

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8
Q

what is a Phenotype

A

set of observable characteristics of an individual
changes over time,
a product of interaction between genotype and environment

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9
Q

what is diathesis

A

a hereditary or constitutional predisposition to a disease or other disorder

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10
Q

what are the 3 ways to study Behaviour Genetics

A

Family Studies
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies

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11
Q

what are Family Studies in abnormal psychology

A

Studies the 1st degree and 2nd-degree relatives of probands to determine if mental illness is inherited

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12
Q

1st degree relatives share what percentage of their genes

A

50%

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13
Q

2nd degree relatives share what percentage of their genes

A

25%

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14
Q

If a predisposition exists → 1st-degree relatives will have the disorder at a higher rate than general population. True or false

A

True

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15
Q

what is Twin Studies in abnormal psychology

A

Compare monozygotic (100% genes shared) and dizygotic twins (50% genes shared)

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16
Q

what does concordant refer to in twins

A

When twins have the same diagnosis

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17
Q

Concordance should be > in……

A

monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins if disorder is heritable

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18
Q

what are Adoption Studies

A

Examine children with mental illness who were adopted and reared apart from their parents

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19
Q

why are Adoption Studies effective

A

Eliminating the effects of being raised by disordered parents
Reduces influence of shared environment on behaviour providing support for influence of genetics

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20
Q

what is Molecular Genetics in abnormal psychology

A

Attempt to specify particular gene(s) involved in mental illness

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21
Q

what is Linkage analysis

A

collects blood samples (DNA) from probands and relatives to find inheritance patterns “genetic markers” for a disorder

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22
Q

what is Neuroscience

A

study of the brain and nervous system

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23
Q

what are Neurotransmitters

A

chemical substances that allow a nerve impulse to cross the synapse

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24
Q

Noreprinepherine release in PNS =

A

high arousal linked to anxiety

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25
Q

Seratonin and Dopamine in Brain

A

depression and adhd

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26
Q

GABA in Brain =

A

anxiety

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27
Q

Too much or too little of a particular neurotransmitter could be cause of a particular form of psychopathology. True or false

A

true

28
Q

what are the 3 Major Brain Structures

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

29
Q

what are the mental disorders associated with Structural abnormalities

A

Alzheimer’s
Schizophrenia

30
Q

what does the Behavioral Paradigm suggest

A

Abnormal behaviour is learned behaviour

31
Q

what are the 3 types of learning:

A

Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Modeling

32
Q

what is Classical Conditioning

A

Pairing a neutral stimulus with a unconditioned stimulus = unconditioned response

33
Q

what was John Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment

A

Loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) every time little albert reached for the rat causing great feat (unconditioned response)

34
Q

what is Operant Conditioning

A

Desired behaviors are reinforced (positive or negative reinforcement)

35
Q

what is Positive reinforcement

A

result in strengthening response
the introduction of a desirable or pleasant stimulus after a behavior

36
Q

what is Negative reinforcement:

A

removing a negative reinforcer to strengthen response

37
Q

how are Undesirable behaviours extinguished

A

Rewarded
Punishment

38
Q

what is Modeling

A

We learn how to behave by watching others and imitating behaviours
Whether we produce a given behaviour depends on whether we have seen the behaviour reinforced or punished

39
Q

what are some Criticisms of the Behavioural Paradigm

A

Abnormal behaviour is not always associated with learned behaviour – e.g., Schizophrenia
Simplistic – circular reasoning (description as explanation)

40
Q

describe circular reasoning

A

If A then B, If B then A

41
Q

what is the Cognitive Paradigm

A

Abnormal behaviour is the result of faulty thinking patterns
Learners are not passive responders to the environment
Learners make connections between new and old information – develop schemas

42
Q

what is the Cognitive-Behavioural Paradigm

A

Thoughts, feelings, behaviors are causally interrelated

43
Q

what is Cognitive-behavioural therapy – CBT

A

a talking therapy that can help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave

44
Q

what is the Psychoanalytic Paradigm

A

Abnormal behaviour results from unconscious conflicts within the person

45
Q

what are the three parts of the Psyche

A

Id
Ego
Super Ego

46
Q

what is the Id

A

unconscious, present at birth, wants to satisfy basic urges (food, water, elimination, warmth, affection, sex), operates on pleasure principle

47
Q

what is the Ego

A

primarily conscious, tries to satisfy id impulses without breaking societal rules, operates on reality principle

48
Q

what is the Super Ego

A

conscious, operates as our morality centre or conscience

49
Q

what produces moral anxiety

A

Conflict between the superego and ego

50
Q

what produces neurotic anxiety

A

conflict between the id and ego

51
Q

what are the 5 parts of Freudian Defense Mechanisms

A

Denial
Displacement
Projection
Rationalization
Repression

52
Q

what is denial

A

Insistence that an experience, memory, or need did not occur or does not exist.
ex: You completely block a painful experience from your memory.

53
Q

what is displacement

A

Feelings or actions are transferred from one person or object to another that is less threatening.
ex: You kick your dog when you are upset with your boss.

54
Q

what is Projection

A

Attributing one’s own feelings or thoughts to other people.
ex: A husband argues that his wife is angry at him when, if fact, he is angry at her.

55
Q

what is Rationalization

A

Intellectually justifying a feeling or event.
After not getting the offer, you decide that a job you applied for was not the one you really wanted.

56
Q

what is Repression

A

Diverting id impulses into constructive and acceptable outlets.
You study hard to get good grades rather than giving in to desires for immediate pleasure.

57
Q

what are the 5 stages in which personality develops

A

Oral(birth to 1 year)
Anal(2 years)
Phallic(3 to 6 years)
Latency(6 – 12 years)
Genital(13+)

58
Q

where does the id derive pleasure in the oral stage(birth to 1 year)

A

needs gratified orally (sucking)

59
Q

where does the id derive pleasure in the Anal(2 years) stage

A

needs met through elimination of waste

60
Q

where does the id derive pleasure in the Phallic(3 to 6 years) stage

A

needs met through genital stimulation

61
Q

where does the id derive pleasure in the Latency(6 – 12 years) stage

A

impulses dormant

62
Q

where does the id derive pleasure in the Genital(13+) stage

A

needs met through intercourse

63
Q

what is the Humanistic Paradigm

A

Abnormal behaviour is the result of lack of insight
Focus is not on where problems come from but on intervention
Reach self actualization

64
Q

what did Carl Rogers do

A

developed Client-centred (person-centred) therapy

thought that Role of a therapist is to provide unconditional positive regard – value a client as they are, whatever their behaviour

65
Q

what is the Integrative Paradigms

A

abnormal behaviour is too complex to be explained by any one paradigm

66
Q

what is the Diathesis – Stress Paradigm

A

Links biological, psychological, and environmental factors
Interaction between a predisposition toward a mental illness (the diathesis) and environmental or life disturbances (the stress)
Diathesis + STRESS = disorder

67
Q

what is the Biopsychosocial Paradigm

A

Biological, Psychological, and Social Factors = different levels of analysis or subsystems within the paradigm
Mental illness is result of complex interactions among various factors

HH/PSYC3140 A - Abnormal Psychology (5 decks)

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