Chapter 4 - Assessment of Abnormal Behaviour (Topic 6) Flashcards
what does DSM stand for
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
what does ICD stand for
International Classification of Diseases
what are the Goals of DSM-5
Decrease usage of “not otherwise specified” diagnosis
Add dimensional assessments – not just presence of symptom, but also severity rating
Align with ICD
All disorders & definitions based on strong empirical evidence
what type of information does the DSM-5 consist of
Over 500 mental disorders described
Includes key clinical features of each
Prevalence, risk, course, age, culture, gender
Categorical information: name of distinct category of disorder
Dimensional information: how severe the symptoms are and how impaired the client is across various domains of functioning
what Changes to Autistic Disorders were made in the DSM-5
replaced with Autism Spectrum Disorders
what Changes to Schizophrenia were made in the DSM-5
replaced with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
who is Allen Frances and what did he do
Chair of DSM-IV Task Force
what does the Categorical system entail
disorders are discrete diagnostic entities – qualitatively different
what does the Dimensional system entail
abnormal behaviour exists on a continuum – difference in quantity, not kind
does the DSM-5 follow the Categorical system or the Dimensional system
categorical system with dimensional ratings
are Most disorders dimensional or categorical
dimensional
what does Reliability entail
consistent measurement across time (test-retest) and observers (inter-rater)
what does Validity entail
appropriateness, meaningfulness, and usefulness of inferences made from test scores
Judgments can be consistent (reliable), but not valid (both raters may agree, and both may be wrong!). True or False
true
test can be reliable but not valid
but test can’t be valid and not reliable
what is Inter-rater reliability
two raters agree
what is Test-retest reliability
test scores are similar across time
what is Internal consistency reliability
test items are correlated
what are the 4 Types of validity
Concurrent
Predictive
Content
Construct
what are the 5 different types of Psychological Assessments
Clinical Interview
Personality Tests – self-report tests & projective tests
Behaviour Observation
Biological Assessment – Brain Imaging
Neuropsychological Assessment
describe how a Clinical Interview works (psychological assessment)
clinician operates from influences information gathered during the interview
Rapport is a necessary component of the interview process
Clinical Interviews can either be….
Structured
unstructured
which Clinical Interviews are more reliable structured or unstructured
structured because it is more standardized
describe Psychological Tests(psychological assessment)
Standardized procedures
what is the most widely used Psychological test
MMPI : Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
how does the MMPI ensure validity
Includes validity scales and clinical scales
Set traps for people being dishonest to look more or less favorably
describe what are Projective Tests(psychological assessment)
Standard set of stimuli presented to client (i.e., inkblots or drawings)
Stimuli are ambiguous
No right answer
Client’s responses determined by unconscious processes and will reveal their true attitudes, motivations, and behaviour
why are Projective Tests used
Used to reach unconscious feelings/beliefs of the client
name the 2 famous Projective Tests
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
briefly describe the Rorschach Inkblot Test
psychological test in which subjects’ perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation
briefly describe the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test that involves having people explain what is happening in ambiguous scenes
what is Behaviour Observation(psychological assessment)
Formally assesses an individual’s thought, feelings, and behaviors in specific situations or contexts
what are the ABC’s of Behaviour Observation
Antecedent
Behaviour
Consequence
what is a type Behaviour Observation
Self – monitoring
what is a downfall of direct observation(self monitoring)
Reactivity – act of observation causes behaviour change
what are the 4 types of Biological Assessment
Computerized Axial Tomography (CT Scan)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
what is a Computerized Axial Tomography (CT Scan)
assess structural brain abnormalities
what is a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
assess structural brain abnormalities – superior to CT scan
what is a Functional MRI (fMRI)
assess abnormalities in brain functioning
what is a Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
assess abnormalities in brain function
what is a Neuropsychologist
studies how dysfunction in the brain affects the way we think, feel, and behave
what are the 7 Goals of Neuropsych Assessment
To measure as reliably, validly, and completely as possible
To identify the characteristic profiles associated with a neurobehavioural syndrome
To establish possible localization, lateralization, and etiology of brain lesions
To determine whether neuropsychological deficits are present
To describe neuropsychological strengths, weaknesses, and strategy of problem solving
To assess the patient’s feelings about his or her syndrome
To provide treatment recommendations
what is the most commonly used neuropsych battery
Halstead-Reitan Battery - comprehensive assessment of cognitive functioning
describe the Halstead-Reitan Battery
Includes 10 subtests - measures of verbal and nonverbal intelligence, language, tactile and manipulative skills, auditory sensitivity, etc.
Cognitively intact individuals can perform tasks well; persons with neurological damage have difficulty with certain tasks depending on where the damage is located
