Chapter 7: Chemistry Flashcards
a change in the physical form of a substance without creating a new substance with distinct composition
Physical change
a change in a substance that creates a new substance with different material characteristics from those of the original substance
Chemical change
smallest complete unit of an element
An Atom
basic units of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical reaction
Elements
smallest particle of a compound that contains all the chemical properties of that compound
Molecule
created by chemically uniting two different elements
Compounds
bond uniting two amino acid groups
Peptide bonds
thousands of amino acids connected together lengthwise to form a chain
Poly peptide chain
unifying concept used to organize elements and their similarities
Periodic law
groups of monomers that bond together
Polymers
serve as building blocks that connect with each other to form larger, more complex compounds
Monomers
anything that occupies space
Matter
has a positive electrical charge
Proton
has no electrical charge
Neutron
has a negative electrical charge
Electron
oils and oil-soluble substances used to condition and soften the skin
Emollients
bind a wide range of organic and inorganic matter (oils and dirt) to water
Surfactants
chemically unstable molecules caused by
environmental pollutants and UV exposure
Free radicals
ingredients used in certain types of treatment products to prevent skin inflammation and damage
Antioxidants
likely to block or clog pores and contribute to pimples
Comedogenic
organic acids extracted from a variety of natural sources, including fruits, sugar, and milk
Hydroxy acids
Salicylic Acid; carboxyl group located on the second carbon atom of the organic acid chain
Beta hydroxy acids
Glycolic or Lactic Acids; carboxyl group is found on first carbon atom of the organic acid chain
Alpha hydroxy acids
Malic Acid; contains several carboxyl groups in the same chain
Poly hydroxy acid
act as a mesh-like pattern of waterproof molecules over the skin, allowing oxygen molecules to penetrate but keeping water inside
Silicones
gives products “slip”
Dimethicone
organic ingredients that bind water and deposit it onto the skin
Humectant
used to keep crémes and lotions soft and easy to apply
Fatty acid
increase the thickness of cosmetic products and provide moisturizing properties
Fatty alcohol
product has less than 1% fragrance added or no fragrance at all
Fragrance free
allows for the suspension of small particle solids in a base by creating a supporting structure to prevent settling
Thickener
ingredients that help increase the density in products
Viscosity modifier / thickener
ingredient that helps to prevent moisture loss through evaporation
Emollient
ingredients added to a product to enhance the effectiveness of the preservative
Chelating agent
pertains to the thickness of a product
Viscosity/thickener
mixture of two or more chemicals (compounds) in which each component is evenly distributed in the mixture to form a complete and homogenous dispersion
Solution
Liquid part of a solution
Solvent
part of a solution being dissolved
Sollute
