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Biology > Chapter 7 - Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Who discovered cells and when?

A

Robert Hooke in 1665.

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2
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic units of life.

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3
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

A fundamental concept of biology.

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4
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A
  1. All living things are made up of cells.
  2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
  3. New cells are produced from existing cells.
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5
Q

What are the 2 major types of electron microscopes?

A

Transmission and scanning microscopes.

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6
Q

What is the difference between electron and light microscopes?

A

Light microscopes can be used to see small cell structures, electron microscopes offer much higher resolution and enable you to see smaller structures.

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7
Q

How do microscopes work?

A

They use lenses to magnify the image of an object by focusing light or electrons.

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8
Q

Living cells are transparent. What is done to make them visible?

A

Dye them.

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9
Q

What makes it possible to see and identify the location of molecules?

A

Fluorescence microscopy.

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10
Q

What do scanning microscopes do?

A

They scan over the surface of a specimen.

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11
Q

What is the cell membrane (plasma membrane)?

A

A thin, flexible barrier that surrounds cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

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12
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The structure that contains genetic material in the form of DNA and coded instructions for making proteins and other molecules.

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13
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells enclose their DNA in the nuclei, prokaryotic cells do not. Prokaryotic cells are also smaller and much simpler.

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14
Q

What are some abbreviations for microscopes?

A

LM: light microscope.
SEM: scanning electron microscope.
TEM: transmission electron microscope.

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15
Q

What do most eukaryotic cells contain?

A

Dozens of structures and internal membranes because eukaryotic cells are large and complex.

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16
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus.

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17
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?

A

No.

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18
Q

What are organelles?

A

A specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell.

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19
Q

What can the cell be compared to and why?

A

A factory because cells follow instructions and produce products like a factory.

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20
Q

What do chromosomes do and where are they found?

A

They carry a cell’s genetic information and they are found in the nucleus.

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21
Q

What is the small, dense region that most nuclei contain?

A

The nucleolus.

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22
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

A cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

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23
Q

How do contractile vacuoles help maintain water balance?

A

By contracting rhythmically, they pump excess water out of the cell.

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24
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

The network of protein filaments in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell its shape, internal organization and helps with movement.

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25
Q

What are the 2 protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments and microtubules.

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26
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Threadlike structures made of a protein called actin.

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27
Q

What do microfilaments do?

A

Form networks in some cells and produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell.

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28
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Hollow structures made up of a protein called tubulin.

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29
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

Help maintain cell shape, help in cell division in which they create the mitotic spindle, and build cilia and flagella.

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30
Q

What does the mitotic spindle do?

A

Help separate chromosomes.

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31
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Structures in an animal cell that help organize cell division.

32
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Cell organelles consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis.

33
Q

What is assembled throughout the ribosomes?

A

Proteins.

34
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

The internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled.

35
Q

What happens to newly made proteins?

A

They are inserted into the rough ER where they may be chemically modified.

36
Q

What does the smooth ER contain?

A

Collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks.

37
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

An organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or release outside the cell.

38
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Organelles found in plant cells and some other organisms that capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy.

39
Q

How many membranes surround chloroplasts?

A

Two.

40
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

A cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

41
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

The strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells.

42
Q

What is the lipid bilayer?

A

The flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings.

43
Q

What is selectively permeable?

A

A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across it while others cannot; also called semipermeable membrane.

44
Q

What is diffusion?

A

A process where particles move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated.

45
Q

What is passive transport?

A

The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy.

46
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

A process of diffusion where molecules pass through the cell membrane channels.

47
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Water channel proteins.

48
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

49
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane.

50
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of materials against a concentration difference.

51
Q

What does active transport require?

A

Energy.

52
Q

What is isotonic?

A

When the concentration of two solutions is the same.

53
Q

What is hypotonic?

A

The solution with lesser concentration.

54
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

The solution with a greater concentration.

55
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The process of taking material into a cell by the pockets of the call membrane.

56
Q

What is a type of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis.

57
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

A type of endocytosis where cytoplasm surrounds a particle and package it within a food vacuole.

58
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

A type of endocytosis where tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles.

59
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

When the membrane of the vacuole fuses with the cell membrane and forces content out of the cell.

60
Q

How do unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis?

A

They grow, respond to the environment, transform energy, and produce.

61
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Constant internal physical and chemical conditions.

62
Q

What type of unicellular organism is very adaptable?

A

Prokaryotes, especially bacteria.

63
Q

What is tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that perform a particular function.

64
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues that work together to do closely related functions.

65
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.

66
Q

What is a receptor?

A

A specific protein on or in a cell whose shape fits that of a specific molecular messenger, such as a hormone.

67
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process of oxidizing food molecules.

68
Q

Explain the relationship among cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

A

Tissue is made of cells, organs are made of tissues, organ systems are made of organs.

69
Q

What is true about all single-celled organisms?

A

They all have a nucleus.

70
Q

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

A

Passive transport equalizes the concentration on both sides of the membrane and does not require energy. Active transport requires energy and moves materials against the concentration.

71
Q

What do cell membranes consist of?

A

Lipid bilayers.

72
Q

Lipids have two parts. What are they?

A

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.

73
Q

What do the cells of multicellular organisms do?

A

They become specialized for particular tasks and and communicate to maintain homeostasis.

74
Q

What is an example of a specialized animal cell?

A

Cells that line up your air passages and sweep mucus, bacteria, and debris out of your lungs. They are filled with mitochondria and supply ATP.

75
Q

What is an example of a specialized plant cell?

A

A cell that releases pollen grains that are tiny and light.

Biology (5 decks)

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