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Biology > Chapter 34 - Endocrine & Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 34 - Endocrine & Reproductive Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

Glands that release hormones into the blood.

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical produced in one part of an organism that affects another part of the organism.

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3
Q

What are target cells?

A

A cell that has a receptor for a particular hormone.

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4
Q

What is a gland?

A

An organ that produces and releases a substance.

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5
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that release hormones through tubelike structures called ducts, directly into an organ or out of the body.

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6
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Glands that release hormones directly into the blood, which transport the hormones to other areas in the body.

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7
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands and organs.

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8
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Makes hormones that control and are stored in the pituitary gland.

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9
Q

What are the parathyroid glands?

A

Four glands that release parathyroid hormones, which regulate the calcium level in the blood.

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10
Q

What does the thymus do?

A

Releases thymosin during childhood, which stimulates T cell development &a immune response.

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11
Q

What are the adrenal glands?

A

Glands that release hormones that help body respond to stress.

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12
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities.

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13
Q

What does the thyroid do?

A

Produce thyroxin, which regulates metabolism throughout the body.

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14
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produce insulin & glucagon.

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15
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

Fatty acids that are produced by a wide range of cells; generally affect only nearby cells and tissues.

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16
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

Hormones that can easily cross the cell membrane.

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17
Q

What do steroid hormones do?

A

Enter the nucleus & change pattern of gene expression in target cells.

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18
Q

What are non steroid hormones?

A

Hormones that cannot pass through the cell membrane.

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19
Q

What do non steroid hormones do?

A

Bind to receptors & cause the release of secondary messengers.

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20
Q

What are releasing hormones?

A

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus, that makes the anterior pituitary release hormones.

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21
Q

What is a corticosteroid?

A

Steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex.

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22
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

Hormone released by the adrenal glands that increase heart rate and blood pressure and prepare the body for intense physical activity; also called adrenaline.

23
Q

What is norepinephrine?

A

Hormone released by the adrenal glands that increase heart rate and blood pressure and prepares the body for intense physical activity.

24
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

Hormone that reduces blood calcium levels.

25
Q

What is the parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Hormone that increases calcium levels in the blood.

26
Q

What are gonads?

A

The bodies reproductive glands; ovaries & testes.

27
Q

What is the function of gonads?

A

Production of gametes & release of sex hormones.

28
Q

What is puberty?

A

Period of rapid growth and sexual maturation in which the reproductive system becomes fully functional.

29
Q

What is the testes?

A

Primary male reproductive organ that produces sperm.

30
Q

What does the scrotum do?

A

Houses the testes.

31
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules?

A

Where the sperm develops.

32
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

Where the sperm matures & is stored.

33
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

Tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

34
Q

What is semen?

A

The combination of sperm and seminal fluid.

35
Q

Which glands produce seminal fluid?

A

Bulborethral, prostate, & seminal vesicle.

36
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

Primary female reproductive organ; produces eggs.

37
Q

What is menstrual cycle?

A

Sequence of events in which an egg develops and is released from the body.

38
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Release of a mature egg from the ovary into one of the Fallopian tubes.

39
Q

What is corpus luteum?

A

Name given to a follicle after ovulation because of its yellow color.

40
Q

What is menstruation?

A

Discharge of blood and the unfertilized eggs from the body.

41
Q

What is a sexually transmitted disease (STD)?

A

Disease that is spread from person to person by sexual contact.

42
Q

What is the most common bacterial STD?

A

Chlamydia.

43
Q

What does chlamydia result in?

A

Damage of the reproductive tract.

44
Q

What are some bacterial STD’s?

A

Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis.

45
Q

What are some viral STD’s?

A

Hepatitis B, AIDS, genial herpes & warts.

46
Q

What is the difference between a viral STD & a bacterial STD?

A

Viral STD’s cannot be treated with antibiotics & some are fatal.

47
Q

What is fertilization?

A

Fusion of a sperm & egg.

48
Q

What is a fertilized egg called?

A

Zygote.

49
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

Stage of early development in mammals that consists of a hollow ball of cells.

50
Q

What is implantation?

A

Process in which the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus.

51
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Process of that results in the formation of the three cell layers—the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm.

52
Q

What is neurulation?

A

First step in the development of the nervous system.

53
Q

What is a placenta?

A

Organ through which respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between the mother and her young.

54
Q

What is a fetus?

A

Human embryo after eight weeks of development.

Biology (5 decks)

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