Chapter 2 - The Chemistry of Life Flashcards by Daniella Norin

A process that changes one set of chemicals to another.

Chemical reaction

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Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction.

Reactants

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The elects or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

Products

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What is an example of an important chemical reaction?

When carbon dioxide is able to be removed from the body.

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When is energy released?

When chemical bonds are formed or broken.

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When do chemical reactions that release energy occur?

Spontaneously

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True or false. Chemical reactions will not occur without a source of energy.

True

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Energy needed to get a reaction started.

Activation energy

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A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

Catalyst

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How do catalysts work?

By lowering a reactions activation energy.

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Proteins that act as biological catalysts.

Enzymes

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What do enzymes do?

Speed up chemical reactions and lower activation energy.

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Reactants of enzyme catalyzed reactions.

Substrates

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What is the active site?

A site on the enzyme where substrates bind.

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What affects the activity of enzymes?

Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules.

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When do enzymes work best?

At certain ionic conditions and pH values.

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What is the name of lesson 2.4?

Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

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Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not happen without what?

A source of energy.

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What is an atom?

The basic unit of matter

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What are atoms made of?

Electrons, protons, neutrons

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What are the charges of electrons, protons, and neutrons?

Electrons = -
Protons = +
Neutrons = no charge

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What is used to tell the weight of an atom?

Protons and neutrons because electrons have very little mass

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What is the atomic number?

The number of protons an element has

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What is a chemical element?

A pure substance that consists entirely of one atom

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What is an isotope?

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons

What tells the mass number of an element?

Protons + neutrons

How are isotopes identified?

By their mass number and number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

What is a chemical compound?

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements

What are valence electrons?

Electrons that are available to form bonds

What is the oxidation number?

The number of valence electrons in an element

What is an ionic bond?

A bond in which one gives away electrons and another receives, between metals and nonmetals

What is an example of an ionic bond?

Table salt. Sodium loses an electron while chlorine gains an electron to become sodium chloride or NaCl

What happens to an atom that loses electrons (vise versa)?

If an atom loses an electron it becomes positively charged and if it gains an electron is becomes negatively charged

What is a covalent bond?

Bond between nonmetals, both give off electrons

What is the vanderwalls force?

When a slight attraction forms between oppositely charged molecules

Why are water molecules polar?

Because there is an uneven distribution of electrons that creates a slightly negative charge in oxygen and a positive charge in hydrogen

What is attraction between hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the oxygen atoms of another water molecule called?

A hydrogen bond

What is cohesion?

An attraction between molecules of the same substance

What is adhesion?

An attraction between molecules of different substances

What is a mixture?

When two or more elements are combined physically but chemically

What is a solution and give an example of a solution?

A mixture in which all components are evenly distributed. Table salt in water.

What is a solute?

The substance that is dissolved by the solvent. (Solvent dissolves solute)

What is a mixture of water and undissolved materials called?

A suspension

What is the pH scale for?

To indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

What does pH stand for?

Power of hydrogen

What is a base?

A compound that produces hydroxide ions in a solution

What are buffers?

Weak acids or bases that prevent sudden changes in pH

What is an acid?

A compound that forms hydrogen ions in a solution

What gives water its ability to dissolve ionic compounds and other polar molecules?

Its polarity

How many valence electrons does carbon have allowing it to do what?

4 valence electrons and it allows it to form covalent bonds with other elements

What are macromolecules made of?

Thousands of smaller molecules

What is polymerization?

When large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together

What are monomers?

Smaller parts that join together to form polymers (monomers form polymers)

What are carbohydrates made of?

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

What are monosaccharides?

Single sugar molecules

What are lipids?

A group of molecules that are not soluble in water

What are the common categories of lipids?

Fats, oils and waxes

What are lipids used for?

To store energy

What are nucleic acids?

Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen

What are nucleic acids used for?

Storing and transmitting hereditary information

What are nucleotides?

Made of 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

What do RNA and DNA contain?

RNA contains sugar ribose and DNA contains sugar deoxyribose

What are proteins?

Macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Proteins are polymers of molecules called?

Amino acids

What do proteins do?

Control the rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, and form important cell structures