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Biology > Chapter 2 - The Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A process that changes one set of chemicals to another.

A

Chemical reaction

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2
Q

Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction.

A

Reactants

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3
Q

The elects or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

A

Products

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4
Q

What is an example of an important chemical reaction?

A

When carbon dioxide is able to be removed from the body.

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5
Q

When is energy released?

A

When chemical bonds are formed or broken.

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6
Q

When do chemical reactions that release energy occur?

A

Spontaneously

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7
Q

True or false. Chemical reactions will not occur without a source of energy.

A

True

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8
Q

Energy needed to get a reaction started.

A

Activation energy

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9
Q

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.

A

Catalyst

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10
Q

How do catalysts work?

A

By lowering a reactions activation energy.

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11
Q

Proteins that act as biological catalysts.

A

Enzymes

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12
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Speed up chemical reactions and lower activation energy.

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13
Q

Reactants of enzyme catalyzed reactions.

A

Substrates

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14
Q

What is the active site?

A

A site on the enzyme where substrates bind.

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15
Q

What affects the activity of enzymes?

A

Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules.

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16
Q

When do enzymes work best?

A

At certain ionic conditions and pH values.

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17
Q

What is the name of lesson 2.4?

A

Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

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18
Q

Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not happen without what?

A

A source of energy.

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19
Q

What is an atom?

A

The basic unit of matter

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20
Q

What are atoms made of?

A

Electrons, protons, neutrons

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21
Q

What are the charges of electrons, protons, and neutrons?

A 
Electrons = -
Protons = +
Neutrons = no charge
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22
Q

What is used to tell the weight of an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons because electrons have very little mass

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23
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons an element has

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24
Q

What is a chemical element?

A

A pure substance that consists entirely of one atom

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25
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons

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26
Q

What tells the mass number of an element?

A

Protons + neutrons

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27
Q

How are isotopes identified?

A

By their mass number and number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

28
Q

What is a chemical compound?

A

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements

29
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electrons that are available to form bonds

30
Q

What is the oxidation number?

A

The number of valence electrons in an element

31
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A bond in which one gives away electrons and another receives, between metals and nonmetals

32
Q

What is an example of an ionic bond?

A

Table salt. Sodium loses an electron while chlorine gains an electron to become sodium chloride or NaCl

33
Q

What happens to an atom that loses electrons (vise versa)?

A

If an atom loses an electron it becomes positively charged and if it gains an electron is becomes negatively charged

34
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Bond between nonmetals, both give off electrons

35
Q

What is the vanderwalls force?

A

When a slight attraction forms between oppositely charged molecules

36
Q

Why are water molecules polar?

A

Because there is an uneven distribution of electrons that creates a slightly negative charge in oxygen and a positive charge in hydrogen

37
Q

What is attraction between hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the oxygen atoms of another water molecule called?

A

A hydrogen bond

38
Q

What is cohesion?

A

An attraction between molecules of the same substance

39
Q

What is adhesion?

A

An attraction between molecules of different substances

40
Q

What is a mixture?

A

When two or more elements are combined physically but chemically

41
Q

What is a solution and give an example of a solution?

A

A mixture in which all components are evenly distributed. Table salt in water.

42
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance that is dissolved by the solvent. (Solvent dissolves solute)

43
Q

What is a mixture of water and undissolved materials called?

A

A suspension

44
Q

What is the pH scale for?

A

To indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

45
Q

What does pH stand for?

A

Power of hydrogen

46
Q

What is a base?

A

A compound that produces hydroxide ions in a solution

47
Q

What are buffers?

A

Weak acids or bases that prevent sudden changes in pH

48
Q

What is an acid?

A

A compound that forms hydrogen ions in a solution

49
Q

What gives water its ability to dissolve ionic compounds and other polar molecules?

A

Its polarity

50
Q

How many valence electrons does carbon have allowing it to do what?

A

4 valence electrons and it allows it to form covalent bonds with other elements

51
Q

What are macromolecules made of?

A

Thousands of smaller molecules

52
Q

What is polymerization?

A

When large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together

53
Q

What are monomers?

A

Smaller parts that join together to form polymers (monomers form polymers)

54
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

55
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Single sugar molecules

56
Q

What are lipids?

A

A group of molecules that are not soluble in water

57
Q

What are the common categories of lipids?

A

Fats, oils and waxes

58
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

To store energy

59
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen

60
Q

What are nucleic acids used for?

A

Storing and transmitting hereditary information

61
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

Made of 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

62
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

63
Q

What do RNA and DNA contain?

A

RNA contains sugar ribose and DNA contains sugar deoxyribose

64
Q

What are proteins?

A

Macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

65
Q

Proteins are polymers of molecules called?

A

Amino acids

66
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Control the rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, and form important cell structures

Biology (5 decks)

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