Chapter 7 Bio Test

Question 1

Cell Membrane

Answer 1

A protective barrier for the cell: allows the transport of needed materials in and waste materials out; important for cell communication, interaction, and for recognition of molecules.

Question 2

Cytoplasm

Answer 2

A gel-like substance inside the cell membrane: contains the nutrients required by the cell to carry on life processes and allow for movement of organelles and nutrients.

Question 3

Nucleus and Nucleolus

Answer 3

The organelle that contains DNA, the genetic material of the cell, and directs all cellular activities.

The Nucleolus is the area in the nucleus where ribosomes are produced.

Question 4

Cell Wall

Answer 4

Found in plants, bacteria, protists, and fungi: the cell wall is a rigid frame around the cell that provides strength and support.

Question 5

Chloroplasts

Answer 5

Found only in plants and some protists: contains chlorophyll that produces a green colour; each chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis.

Question 6

Vacuoles and Vesicles

Answer 6

Bounded by a membrane; are sites for the storage of nutrients, products of secretion, fats and water. These structures store and transport materials in and out of the cell. Plants have a large central vacuole that is used for storing water.

Question 7

Lysosomes

Answer 7

These are specialized vesicles within the cell that contain enzymes that digest molecules. This can be used to digest nutrients, and to break down wastes or unwanted material such as bacteria.

Question 8

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 8

A series of tubes extending from the nuclear envelope surrounding the nucleus.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum us covered with ribosomes that produce proteins.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum packages lipids and large protein molves in vesicles.

Question 9

Ribosomes

Answer 9

Granules (either attached to the ER or floating in the cytoplasm) where proteins are produced.

Question 10

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 10

Flat disc-shaped sacs that usually sort and repackage material from the ER into vesicles and then transports them out of and to into other parts of the cell.

Also where lysosomes are produced.

Question 11

Mitochondria

Answer 11

Rod-like structures; they are the sites of cellular respiration where chemical energy in sugars is converted to energy the cell can use.

Question 12

Centrioles

Answer 12

Cylindrical structures located outside the nucleus, in animal cells play an important role in cell division. Most plant cells do not have centrioles.

Question 13

Spontaneous Generation (abiogenesis)

Answer 13

Aristotle

• Life arises from non-living forms
• Theory was never tested

Question 14

Redi’s Controlled Experiment

Answer 14

Pieces of meat placed into glass jars - one covered (air could not pass through but flies could), one was not. A few days later, he noticed that there were maggots in the open faced jars but not the closed jars. He hypothesized that if there maggots in both jars then spontaneous generation can happen.

Question 15

Biogenesis

Answer 15

Virchow and Louis Pasteur

• Living organisms arise from other living organisms
• Supported by Pasteur’s experiment (swan neck experiment) – micro-organisms could only get into the S part of the flask, the broth remained microbe-free.

Question 16

Hooke’s Discovery

Answer 16

• looked at thin slices of cork, looked life hundreds of empty boxes that reminded him of monastery cells.

Question 17

Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 17

• Described single-celled micro-organisms
• Studied blood cells, pond-water and teeth junk
• Made magnifying lenses ( single-lens)
• Saw what he called “animalcule” – the first observations of single-celled organisms

Question 18

Schwann and Schleiden

Answer 18

• Schleiden – all plants are composed of cells and materials produced by cells
• Each cell developed from nucleus
• Schwann – looked at animals cells – they did not look like plant cells
  “all organisms are made up of cell”

Question 19

Cell Theory

Answer 19

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cells are the smallest functional unit of life.
3. All cells are produced from other cells

Question 20

5 Characteristics of Living Things

Answer 20

1. Needs energy
2. Produce waste
3. Respond and adapt to their environment
4. Reproduce
5. Grow

Question 21

Simple Microscope.

Answer 21

• Single lens
• Enlarged the virtual image of the specimen

Question 22

Compound Light Microscopes

Answer 22

• Two or more lenses; usually uses light source
• Enlarged virtual image of specimen

Question 23

Transmission Electron Microscope

Answer 23

• Electrons transmitted through to produce a 2-D image; specimens must be cut very thin; no lenses.
• A 3-D image of the specimen

Question 24

Scanning Electron Microscope

Answer 24

• Electrons swept over to produce a 3-D image; specimens must be very thin; no lenses
• A 3-D image of the specimen

Question 25

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope

Answer 25

• Takes many images of different slices of a sample using laser light
• A 3-D image of the specimen

Question 26

Scanning Tunnelling Microscope

Answer 26

• A very tiny probe is dragged over a sample to produce a 3-D image
• A 3-D image of the specimen