Chapter 7: Balance training concepts

Question 1

Balance

Answer 1

is the ability to maintain the bodys center of gravity within its base support. achieved through an interaction of active and passive restraints imposed by the muscular system, reflexive actions imposed by the PNS, anticipatory feed-forward control imposed by the CNS. the entire process is referred to as sensorimotor control

Question 2

Kinesthesia

Answer 2

conscious awareness of joint movement and joint position sense that results from proprioceptive input sent ot the CNS

Question 3

Proprioception

Answer 3

cumulative neural input to the CNS from all mechanorecptors that sense postion and limb movement

Question 4

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 4

specialized neural receptors embedded in connective tissue that convert mechanical distortions of the tissue into neural codes to be conveyed to the CNS

Question 5

two primary muscle mechanoreceptors

Answer 5

muscle spindles and GTO(golgi tendon organ)

Question 6

Muscle spindle

Answer 6

intrafusal muscle fiber is a small complex proprioceptive organ located in series within the muscle fibers(extrafusal)
has both sensory and motor innercation

Question 7

alpha motor neuron

Answer 7

motot neuron that control msucle contraction

Question 8

GTO (golgi organ tendon)

Answer 8

muscle mechanoreceptor located at the musculotendinous junction in series with the extrafusal muscle fibers
primarily sensitive to tension development and rate of tension delevopment in skeletal muscle.
functions as a protective mechanism

Question 9

Ruffi afferents

Answer 9

joint receptors that are mechanically sensitive to tissue stresses that are activated during extremes of extension and rotation
large encapsulated, multi cellular end organ structures located within the collagenous network of the joints fibrous capsule

Question 10

Paciniform affernets

Answer 10

large, cylindrical, thinly encapsulated, multi cellular end organ structures mechanically sensitive to local compression and tensile loading, especially at extreme ranges of motion

Question 11

golgi afferents

Answer 11

high threshold, slow adapting sensory receptors in ligaments and menisci that are mechanically sensitive to tensile loads and are most sensitive at the end ranges of motion

Question 12

Nocioceptors

Answer 12

small-diameter afferents located primarily in articular tissue and sensitive to mechanical deformation and pain

Question 13

dynamic joint stabilization

Answer 13

refers to the ability of the kinetic chain to stabilize a joint during movement

Question 14

multi sensory condition

Answer 14

refers to a training environment that priveds heightened stimulation to the proprioceptors and mechanorecpetors

Question 15

controlled instability

Answer 15

refers to a training environment that is as unstable as can be safely controlled for an individual

Question 16

exercises should progress from

Answer 16

slow to fast
simple to complex
known to unknown
low force to high force
static to dynamic
two arms to one arm
two legs to one leg
stable to unstable
eyes open to eyes closed
quality before quanity

Question 17

Balance stabilization exercises

Answer 17

balance exercises that involved little joint motion of the balance leg
improve reflexive joint stabilzation contractions to improve joint stabilzation
1-3 sets x 12-20 reps (or single-leg 6-10 ea) 4/2/1 tempo
0-90 sec rest

Question 18

balance strength exercises

Answer 18

balance exercises involving eccentric and concentric movement of the balancing leg through full ROM
designed to improve the neuromuscular efficiency of the full HMS
2-3sets x 8-12 reps 3/2/1 - 1/1/1
0-60 sec rest

Question 19

balance power

Answer 19

balance exercises performed by hopping from one foot to another or performing hopping movements on the same foot
designed to improve eccentric strength, dynamic neuromuscular efficiency and reactive joint stabilization
2-3 sets x 8-12 reps. controlled tempo, hold landing for 3-5 secs. 0-60s rest