Chapter 7: Balance training concepts Flashcards
Balance
is the ability to maintain the bodys center of gravity within its base support. achieved through an interaction of active and passive restraints imposed by the muscular system, reflexive actions imposed by the PNS, anticipatory feed-forward control imposed by the CNS. the entire process is referred to as sensorimotor control
Kinesthesia
conscious awareness of joint movement and joint position sense that results from proprioceptive input sent ot the CNS
Proprioception
cumulative neural input to the CNS from all mechanorecptors that sense postion and limb movement
Mechanoreceptors
specialized neural receptors embedded in connective tissue that convert mechanical distortions of the tissue into neural codes to be conveyed to the CNS
two primary muscle mechanoreceptors
muscle spindles and GTO(golgi tendon organ)
Muscle spindle
intrafusal muscle fiber is a small complex proprioceptive organ located in series within the muscle fibers(extrafusal)
has both sensory and motor innercation
alpha motor neuron
motot neuron that control msucle contraction
GTO (golgi organ tendon)
muscle mechanoreceptor located at the musculotendinous junction in series with the extrafusal muscle fibers
primarily sensitive to tension development and rate of tension delevopment in skeletal muscle.
functions as a protective mechanism
Ruffi afferents
joint receptors that are mechanically sensitive to tissue stresses that are activated during extremes of extension and rotation
large encapsulated, multi cellular end organ structures located within the collagenous network of the joints fibrous capsule
Paciniform affernets
large, cylindrical, thinly encapsulated, multi cellular end organ structures mechanically sensitive to local compression and tensile loading, especially at extreme ranges of motion
golgi afferents
high threshold, slow adapting sensory receptors in ligaments and menisci that are mechanically sensitive to tensile loads and are most sensitive at the end ranges of motion
Nocioceptors
small-diameter afferents located primarily in articular tissue and sensitive to mechanical deformation and pain
dynamic joint stabilization
refers to the ability of the kinetic chain to stabilize a joint during movement
multi sensory condition
refers to a training environment that priveds heightened stimulation to the proprioceptors and mechanorecpetors
controlled instability
refers to a training environment that is as unstable as can be safely controlled for an individual
exercises should progress from
slow to fast simple to complex known to unknown low force to high force static to dynamic two arms to one arm two legs to one leg stable to unstable eyes open to eyes closed quality before quanity
Balance stabilization exercises
balance exercises that involved little joint motion of the balance leg
improve reflexive joint stabilzation contractions to improve joint stabilzation
1-3 sets x 12-20 reps (or single-leg 6-10 ea) 4/2/1 tempo
0-90 sec rest
balance strength exercises
balance exercises involving eccentric and concentric movement of the balancing leg through full ROM
designed to improve the neuromuscular efficiency of the full HMS
2-3sets x 8-12 reps 3/2/1 - 1/1/1
0-60 sec rest
balance power
balance exercises performed by hopping from one foot to another or performing hopping movements on the same foot
designed to improve eccentric strength, dynamic neuromuscular efficiency and reactive joint stabilization
2-3 sets x 8-12 reps. controlled tempo, hold landing for 3-5 secs. 0-60s rest
