Chapter 7 - Arthology - Joints Flashcards
Simple Joint
2 skeletal components (shoulder Jt, Hip Jt)
Composite joint
3 or more skeletal components (humerus - elbow_
If the joint is CT proper it is a…
Fibrous Jt
If the joint is cartilage it is a…
Cartilaginous jt
If the joint is a CT proper BUT has a cavity called a synovial cavity it is a….
Synovial Joint
Characteristics of Fibrous Jts (synarthrosis)
united by fibrous CT
Little or no movement
3 types of Fibrous Jts
Syndesmosis (ses - Plural)
Sutures
Gomphoses
What is a Syndesmosis Jt and example?
Fibrous Joint
Side to side Jt
Jointed by interosseous membrane
Between Radios and Ulna
What is a suture and example?
Fibrous Jt
Between flat bone of skull
33 of them
What are the 4 categories of sutures?
serrated - Teeth of saw
Squamous - bones meet in beveled overlapping edges
planar - no overlapping or interlocking
Schindylesis - Y where a bone articulates with the cleft of another
What is gomphoses and examples?
Fibrous Jt
between teeth and their bony sockets
known as dental alveolor joints
What is peridontium
glue that holds the root of tooth in socket
What is a cartilaginous joint?
united by cartilage
Little or no movement
What are the 2 subtypes of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses - Hyaline cartilage
- joints of skull and epiphyseal cartilage
Symphyses - moves with childbirth
- skeletal components united by fibrocartilage
-Pubic symphysis (slightly moveable)
What is synostosis?
NOT A JOINT.
If bone replaces cartilage, a Jt becomes a synostosis, occurs naturally at epiphyseal plates
What are synovial joints also known as?
diarthroses
What is a synovial joint?
united by fibrous CT (fibrous joints) but also have an articular (“synovial”) cavity between the articulating surfaces.
What are ligaments?
Synovial Jt’s are reinforced by ligaments
Fibrous CT bands and cords
help stabilize ‘joint capsule’
What do the synovial membrane do?
secrete synovial fluid into the joint cavity
What does synovial fluid do?
lubricates articular cartilage
What are capsular ligaments?
in the fibrous layer of the joint capsule (shoulder and hip joints)
What is an extracapsular ligament?
located outside the fibrous later of the articular capsule
What do we call extracapsuler ligaments that are paired (located on each side of the joint)?
collateral ligaments - present in most joints of the limbs
What are intracapsular ligaments?
internal to fibrous layer…. very few joints have this but the hip does
What things assists the joints.. “fill the gaps”?
Articular discs
Articular menisci
What are articular discs?
completely separate articular cartilage
Makes it better fit
radiocarpal joint, sternseoclavicular joint
What are articular menisci?
two incomplete articular discs, ‘c’ or ‘half-mooned shape’, found in genual Jt
What is flexion?
a decrease in size of the flexor angle
What is extension?
an increase in size of the flexor angle
What is the angle opposite the flexor angle?
the ‘extensor angle’
Free part of the inferior limb (knee), flexor angle is posterior or anterior?
posterior
Free part of the superior limb (elbow), flexor angle is posterior or anterior?
anterior
Coxal jt, flexor angle is posterior or anterior?
anterior
Joints of the vertebral column, flexor angle is posterior or anterior?
anterior. Bending head down is flexing the joints of the vertebral column
What is hyper extend?
Jt components angled beyond 180 degrees
What is dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?
occurs at tarsal joint... dorsiflexion (flexion) is easing off of the gas pedal plantar flexion (extension) is standing on your toes
How do you speak properly using flexion and extension?
2 terms… action and joint!
EX…
NOT - Flex antebrachium
YES - Flex at cubital joint
What is abduction?
Movement away from median plane (point of reference).. limbs
Metcarpophlangeal joint.. spread fingers out
What is adduction?
movement towards the median plane (point of reference in the median plane)
In the inferior limb, abduction/adduction can only happen at what joints?
hip jt and metatarsophalangeal jts
When naming abduction and adduction, what is the proper way?
3 names.. action, region, joint
Ex… Abduction of superior limb at shoulder joint
What is rotation?
movement around the long axis
What is pronation?
turns palmar aspect of manus posteriorly
What is supination?
turns palm back toward NAP
What is inversion?
balance on lateral part of foot
What is eversion?
balance on the medial part of the foot
What is protraction?
push jaw out of line
What is retraction?
put jaw back into line
What is circumduction?
circular motion involving finger, hand, foot, or limb
EX circumduction of manus at radiocarpal joint
