Ch2 - Cytology

Question 1

Cell

Answer 1

Unit of life

Question 2

Cytology

Answer 2

Study of cells

Question 3

Cell Theory

Answer 3

Cells are derived only from pre-existing cells; All living things composed of cells

Question 4

Major four elements and percentages

Answer 4

Carbon 18%
Hydrogen 10%
Oxygen 65%
Nitrogen 3%

Question 5

pH range of blood

Answer 5

7.35-7.45

Question 6

7 elements that form the rest of the body

Answer 6

Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium, Sulfur, Chlorine, Magnesium, Calcium

Question 7

Most common chemical compound in the body and it’s percentage of body weight

Answer 7

H2O

2/3

Question 8

Simple diffusion

Answer 8

passive movement of substance from high to low concentration

Question 9

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 9

Passive movement of substance from high to low concentration WITH CARRIER

Question 10

Osmosis

Answer 10

movement of water through a SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE from a higher concentration of water to a lower one.

Question 11

Active transport

• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis

Answer 11

Low to High concentration. Energy and carrier required!

Endocytosis.. Decreases cell membrane size and engulfs it
Exocytosis… Increase cell membrane (leave it behind or spit it out)

Question 12

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Answer 12

Pinocyctosis - Cell drinks

Phagocytosis - Cell eats

Question 13

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 13

Gets rid of H20 to form compound

Question 14

Biological Macromolecules

Answer 14

Nucleic Acid, Protein, Lipids, Polysaccharides

Question 15

Proteins

Answer 15

Composed of amino acid monomers
Combine using dehydration synthesis to form peptides
Dipeptide - 2 amino acids long
polypeptide - <100 aa's long
Protein - over 100 aa's long

Question 16

Carbohydrates (CHO) (Polysaccharides)

Answer 16

composed of monosaccharide monomers
C:H:O (1:2:1 ration)
Simple sugars-monosaccharides
Used for fuel; for cellular activity

Question 17

Lipids

Answer 17

C:H:O -Smaller % of 02

4. types
5. Glycerides- Composed of glycerol and fatty acids
6. Prostaglandins- long chain of fatty acids
7. Steroids - ring structure (ie cholesterol) adds structure
8. Phospholipids - Phospholipid membrane

Question 18

Nucleic Acid (DNA+RNA)

Answer 18

Polymers of nucleotide (Purine or Pyrimidine of nitrogenous base; a sugar; a phosphate)

• DNA - double stranded helix; consists of deoxyribose and A, T, C, G
• DNA combines w/proteins to form ‘chromatin’
• When cells divide, the chromatin condenses to form chromosomes (each chromosomes have 1000s of genes)
• Chromatin is duplicated by a process called ‘DNA replication’

Question 19

When acids release hydrogen ions (H+) does it lower or raise the body pH.

Answer 19

Lower

Question 20

What is Metaplasia

Answer 20

a change in cell type

Question 21

What is Hydrolysis

Answer 21

a process whereby biological macromolecules are broken down into their subunits

Question 22

What is malignancy

Answer 22

Cell grows more quickly and spreads

Question 23

What is Hypertrophy?

Answer 23

Increase in cell size

Question 24

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 24

Increase in number of cells

Question 25

What is atrophy

Answer 25

Decrease in cell size

Question 26

What is the nucleolus

Answer 26

an area inside the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is actively manufactured

Question 27

What are the longest cells in the body?

Answer 27

neurons

Question 28

How many cells are there in a human body?

Answer 28

1x10^15

Question 29

What do fibrils do?

Answer 29

impart structure and rigidity to the cytosol of cells

Question 30

What do cilia and flagella do?

Answer 30

cilia moves materials along the cellular surface and flagella can move cells

Question 31

what is the centrosome?

Answer 31

An area near the nucleus of an interphase cell in which the centrioles are located

Question 32

T or F Carcinogens are cancer-causing agents

Answer 32

True